Unit IV

Click to add text

PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION
General Survey
Assessment begins when the nurse
first meet the client.
The nurse determines the
Click to add reason
text the client is seeking
health care.

The examination begins with a general survey that

includes observation of general appearance and behavior,
vital signs, and height and weight measurements
The four components of a general survey
1. Physical appearance
A. Age and sex
B. Skin color
 Tone is even, skin is intact
C. Facial features
 Symmetric with movement
 No signs of acute distress are present
D. LOC assessment: “AVPU”

Click to add text

2. Body Structure
A. Stature
 Height appears normal for age and
genetic heritage
B. Nutrition
 Weight appears normal for height and
body build; fat distribution is even
  Slim, obese or excessively . . .
C. Symmetry
 Body parts look equal bilaterally and
Click to add text
are in relative proportion
D. Posture
 Stands comfortably erect &
appropriate for age
 Note normal ‘plumb’ line
 E. Position
 Sits comfortably, arms relaxed, face
towards examiner
F. Body Build/Contour
 Observe for obvious deformities
3. Mobility
A. Gait  Walk is smooth, even, and
well-balanced.
 B. Range of Motion
 Full mobility for each joint
 Movement is deliberate, accurate,
smooth, and coordinated
Click to add text
Click to add text
 No involuntary movement
4. Behavior
A. Facial expressions
 Maintains eye contact
 B. Mood and Affect
 Person is comfortable and cooperative
 Interacts pleasantly
C. Speech
 Articulation is clear & understandable
 Conveys ideas clearly and communicates
easily
D. Dress
 clothing is appropriate to climate
culture, and age group
 Clothing looks clean & fits
appropriately
E. Personal hygiene
 Appears clean and well-groomed for age,
occupation, and socio-economic group
Sample General Survey: Received a client on her mid-forties, and she appears to be in her
stated chronologic age. Client is wearing a violet duster and is clean or groomed
appropriately for the weather. Stains on hands and dirty nails are evident since during
her attack she was rushed from work to the ER for treatment. Client is alert and oriented
to what is happening at the time of the interview and physical assessment. Client
responds to questions and interacts appropriately. Facial features are symmetric with
movement. Client establishes good eye contact when conversing with others. Smiles and
frowns appropriately
Examination of the Skin

Macule a flat, distinct,

discolored area of skin less
than 1 centimeter (cm)
wide.
Papule, a circumscribed, solid
elevation of skin with no
visible fluid

Plaque / Patch, a
circumscribed, elevated,
palpable lesion more than 1
cm in diameter.
Wheal, a raised, itchy
(pruritic) area of skin at
times an overt sign of
allergy.

Cysts, a sac that may be

filled with air, fluid or other
material.
Nodules, tender, red
swollen bumps

Tumor (neoplasm),
abnormal mass of tissue
that may be solid or
fluid-filled.
Vesicle a small fluid-filled sac
within the body

Bulla, large blister

containing serous fluid.
Pustule, papules with
yellowish, liquid pus.
Scale, thin piece of the
outermost layer of skin
resembling a fish scale.

Crusts, dried exudate (ie.

blood, serum, pus) on the
skin surface.
Lichenification, an increase
in skin lines & creases from
frequent rubbing

Scar, mark remaining (as

on the skin) after injured
tissue has healed.
Excoriation is a loss of skin
due to scratching or picking

Fissure, is a linear crack in

the skin; often very painful
Ulceration, deep open
wound with partial or
complete loss of the dermis
or submucosa

Erosion, superficial open

wound with loss of
epidermis or mucosa only
Petechiae or purpura or
ecchymosis describes red
blood cells that are outside
the vessel walls & areas are
nonblanchable (skin rash that
does not fade when pressed
with)
Telangiectasis dilated
superficial dermal vessels

Annular “annulus lesion,”

ringed, circular or ovoid
macules or patches
Serpiginous lesions signifies it
as slowly progressive or
"creeping“.

Flat-Topped lesions, evenly

elevated rash or lesions
Domed shaped lesion-rounded

Digitate lesion-horny with

finger-like shape.
Cerebriform lesion-
resembling the
convolutions of the brain
surface.

Proteus syndrome is an
overgrowth of the bones, skin,
and other tissues.
Pedunculated lesion –
connected by a stalk. “Skin
tags”

Sessile lesion – attached by a

broad base as opposed to
pedunculated
Punctate keratoderma,
abnormal thickening of the
palms and soles.

Rolled border lesion – curled

or rounded edge
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION. Inspect the general skin color. Reveals evenly colored skin without unusual
discoloration.

Abnormal Findings

Acanthosis nigricans is a brown to black,

hyperpigmentation of the skin, usually found in body folds
in the neck, armpits, groin etc.

Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the nailbeds) in

cardiopulmonary insufficiency
 Abnormal Findings

Presence of jaundice or yellowish skin discoloration is

indicative of liver problem.

Pallor in arterial insufficiency or anemia

 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION. Inspect for skin color Some clients may have freckles or white spots.
variations. This discoloration is a normal phenomena
from its genetic predisposition.
 Abnormal Findings

Rashes such as reddish or darkened rash indicative of

lupus erythematosus

Erythema in inflammation or allergic reactions

 Abnormal Findings

Client with albinism have very pale to white skin, hair and
eyes. This is indicative of inability of the body to produce
melanin.

A client with patches of white discoloration is observed in

client with vitiligo, due to melanocytes destruction, leaving
patches of skin.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION. Check skin integrity and any Skin is intact and there are no reddened areas
skin disruptions or injury. or skin irritation

Abnormal Findings

Skin breakdown is noted

as a reddened area and
may progress to serous
and painful ulcers.

Painful ulcers as
evidenced by pressure
ulcers
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION. Inspect for lesions. Note color, Skin is smooth and without lesions. Striae,
size and shape of lesions. scars, freckles or moles are not noted.
Normal lesions include freckles, moles,
Note the location, distribution / configuration. birthmarks. They maybe scattered in no
Measure lesion in centimeters. particular area.

Abnormal Findings

Lesions indicate irritation,

aging, pregnancy, or
presence of cancer.
Abnormal Findings

Lesions indicate
irritation, aging,
pregnancy, or presence
of cancer.
 Assessment Procedure
PALPATION. Assess skin texture. Use palmar
surface of the three middle fingers. If lesions
are noted when assessing skin thickness, put
on gloves.
Normal Findings
Skin is normally moist, smooth, thin but
calluses are common on areas exposed to
constant pressure.

Abnormal Findings

Rough, flaky, dry skin in hypothyroidism.

Obese clients may reveal dry, itchy skin

Abnormal Findings

Peripheral vascular disease is a circulatory

disorder that affects blood vessels away from the
heart. If a person have a poor blood flow, he is at
risk of developing ulcers and thinning of skin.

Skin redness r/t steroid withdrawal

 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
PALPATION. Assess moisture. Check under Skin surfaces vary from moist to dry
skin folds and in unexposed areas depending on the area assessed

Abnormal Findings

Increased moisture or diaphoresis in fever or

hyperthyroidism.

Decreased moisture in dehydration or

hypothyroidism
 Assessment Procedure
PALPATION. Assess moisture if it is wet, oily
or dry, or has the right of moisture.
Any body odor and the extent of
perspiration.
Using the dorsal area of the hands, assess
temperature.
Any body odor and the extent of
perspiration.
Normal and Abnormal Findings
Normal: Has a good balance of moisture &
even tone with no discoloration.
Oily, dry, sensitive or combination skin,
moisture indicative of abnormal sweat glands
unless related to environmental factors.
Skin is normally warm.
Cold skin in shock or hypotension, arterial
disease. Very warm skin in febrile state or
hyperthyroidism
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
PALPATION. Assess mobility and turgor. Ask Skin pinches easily returns to its original
the client to lie down. Using two fingers, gently position.
pinch the skin on the sternum or under
clavicle.
 Mobility refers to how easily the skin can be
pinched.

Turgor refers to the skin elasticity and how quickly the

skin returns to its shape.

Older client’s skin loses its turgor because of a decrease

in elasticity and collagen fibers.
Abnormal Findings
Decreased mobility is seen in edema.
Edema results from increased movement of fluid
from the intravascular to the interstitial space.

Decreased turgor in dehydration

 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
PALPATION. If edema is present. Skin pinches easily returns to its original
position.
Perform Grade pitting edema test: Apply
pressure in the edematous area for 5 sec, then
release the pressure. Classify if unilateral or
bilateral.
Abnormal Findings
Examination of the Nails
 Assessment Procedure Normal and Abnormal Findings
INSPECTION. Inspect nail grooming. Nails are clean or well trimmed.

Dirty, broken, or jagged fingernails in poor

hygiene or maybe related to occupation.

Assessment Procedure Normal Findings

INSPECTION. Note nail color and markings. Pink tones with longitudinal ridging is normal.

Healthy nails should generally be a pink color

- with the healthy nail plate being pink, and
the nail being white in color as it grows off the
nail bed.
Abnormal Findings
Beau’s lines are horizontal or transverse
depressions in the nail (fingernails and
toenails). This is a sign of malnourishment
and
chemotherapy.

Clubbing is when the nails thicken and curve

around the fingertips. This can be the result
of low oxygen in the blood and is associated
with CVD.
Abnormal Findings
Koilonychia (spooning), fingernails have
raised ridges and scoop outward. Common in
heart disease, iron deficiency anemia,
hemochromatosis, a liver disorder that causes
too much iron to be absorbed from food.

Leukonychia (white spots). This is due to a

minor trauma and are harmless in healthy
individuals. It is also associated with
nutritional deficiencies like infectious,
metabolic, or systemic diseases as well as
certain drugs.
Abnormal Findings
Onycholysis. When the nail plate separates
from the nail bed, & causes a white
discoloration. This can be due to infection,
trauma, or products used on the nails.

Nail pitting, are small depressions or little nail

pits and common in people who have
psoriasis, a
skin condition that causes the skin to be dry,
red, and irritated.
Abnormal Findings

Terry's nails, the person's nails appear white

with a "ground glass" appearance without
any lunula. It occurs in the setting of liver
failure, cirrhosis, DM, CHF, hyperthyroidism,
or malnutrition.

Yellow nail syndrome. This is due to fungal

infections associated with yellow spots, white
patches, or at times nails even turn black.
 Assessment Procedure
Test capillary refill in nailbeds.
Normal and Abnormal Findings
Brisk capillary refill is when blood returns to
an area quickly after pressure has been
applied. It is used to monitor dehydration and
the amount of blood flow to tissue.
If the return of color takes longer than 2-3 sec
that that means that the person’s capillary
refill and circulation is impaired.
Examination of the Scalp and Hairs
Assessment Procedure
INSPECTION AND PALPATION.
Ask client to remove clips, pins or wigs. With
gloved hands, separate the hair from the scalp
for cleanliness, dryness, parasites and lesions.
Normal and Abnormal Findings
Natural hair color varies among clients. Scalp
is clean and dry. Sparse dandruff may be
visible. Hair is smooth and firm.

Abnormal Findings

Patchy grey hair in Vitamin D deficiency

Abnormal Findings

Scaliness in dermatitis

Hair lesions or infections

 Assessment Procedure
INSPECTION AND PALPATION.
Note amount and distribution of scalp, body,
axillae and pubic hairs. Look for unusual
growth elsewhere on the body.
Normal Findings
Varying amounts of terminal hair cover the
scalp, axilla, body and pubic areas. Fine vellus
hair covers the entire body except for soles,
palms, lips and nipples.
Normal male baldness is symmetrical.
Older clients have thinner hair due to decrease
in hair follicles. Pubic, axilla, and body hair
decrease in aging.
 Abnormal Findings

Excessive hair loss in infection, nutritional deficiency, hormonal disorders, liver disease,
Hyperthyroidism Liver Problems Chemotherapy
 Abnormal Findings

Hirsutism or facial hair in women Hairs in Cushing Syndrome

Examination of the Head
Assessment Procedure
INSPECTION AND PALPATION.
Inspect for size, shape or configuration.
Abnormal Findings
Normal Findings
The head is at the top of the human body. It
supports the face and is maintained by the
skull, which itself encloses the brain. Head size
and shape vary. Head is symmetric, round and
erect.
Acromegaly, growth of the hands, feet,
and face, caused by overproduction of
growth hormone by the pituitary gland
 Abnormal Findings

Paget’s Disease is a condition involving

cellular remodeling and deformity of
one or more bones.

Acorn-shaped,
enlarged skull
Abnormal Findings

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an

accumulation of CSF occurs within the brain.

This typically causes increased

pressure inside the skull. Some
premature babies have bleeding in the brain,
which can block the flow of CSF and cause
hydrocephalus.
Abnormal Findings

Microcephaly is a condition where the head

(circumference) is smaller than normal.

Microcephaly may be caused by

genetic abnormalities or by drugs,
alcohol, certain viruses, and toxins that are
exposed to the fetus during pregnancy and
damage the developing brain tissue.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Head should be held still and upright.
Inspect for involuntary movements.

Abnormal Findings

Presence of tumors may cause a horizontal jerking movements. Involuntary nodding in aortic
insufficiency. Head tilted to one side in shortening of sternomastoid muscle.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. The head is normally hard and smooth
Palpate for consistency. without lesions.

Abnormal Findings
Lesions or lumps on the head may indicate recent trauma/cancer.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Face must be symmetric with round, oval,
Inspect the face for symmetry, features, elongated or square in appearance
movements, expressions and skin conditions.

The nasolabial folds and palpebral fissures are

the ideal places
to check facial features for
symmetry.
 Abnormal Findings
Asymmetry can be noted in facial paralysis, mumps or presence of tumor.

Facial paralysis (Bell’s palsy)

Abnormal Findings

Facial paralysis, damaged of

facial nerve due to presence of
tumor, trauma or viral infection.
Abnormal Findings

Mumps (Parotitis)
 Abnormal Findings

Tumors that deviates the face

 Abnormal Findings

“Masklike” face in Parkinson’s A “sunken” face with depressed eyes and

Disease” hollow cheeks in cachexia.
 Assessment Procedure
INSPECTION AND PALPATION.
Palpate the temporal arteries immediately in
front of the tragus of the ear and up along the
temple.
Normal Findings
The temporal artery is pulsating though its
strength. This is to note the presence of giant
cell arteritis.
 Abnormal Findings
TA is hard, thick and tender with inflammation seen in temporal arteritis leading to blindness.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. No swelling or crepitation with movement.
Palpate the temporomandibular joint.
 Abnormal Findings
Limitation of movement in TMJ syndrome
Examination of the Neck
Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION. Observe the client’s slightly Neck is symmetric with head centered and
extended for position, symmetry, and without bulging mass.
lumps/mass.

Inspect movement of the neck structures. Ask The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage and
client to swallow a sip of water. Observe the thyroid gland move upward symmetrically.
movement of the thyroid gland.
Abnormal Findings

Asymmetric movement or generalized

enlargement of the thyroid gland is considered
abnormal.

Swelling, enlarged mass or nodules may indicate

thyroid gland enlargement.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION. Inspect the cervical vertebrae. C7 is usually palpable.
Ask client to flex the neck(chin-chest, ear-
shoulder, twist left to right and right to left,
backward and forward.

Abnormal Findings
Prominence or swelling
of the C7 vertebrae and
other vertebrae
may be abnormal.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
TEST OF ROM: Ask client to turn the head to Normal client will able to comply without
the right and to the left, touch ear to shoulder, discomfort
touch chin to chest, and lift chin towards the
ceiling.

Abnormal Findings
Muscle spasms, inflammation, or cervical arthritis may cause stiffness and limited movement.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
PALPATION. Palpate thyroid gland and Landmarks are positioned midline.
locate key landmarks.
Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
 Abnormal Findings
Trachea may be pulled or pushed to one side in cases of tumors and thyroid gland
enlargement. and aortic aneurysm.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
PALPATION. Palpate the lymph nodes on the No swelling, enlargement and no tenderness
head and neck area. present.
 Abnormal Findings
Enlarged nodes are abnormal.
 Assessment Procedure Normal and Abnormal Findings
AUSCULTATION. NORMAL: No bruits (soft, blowing, swishing
sound) heard upon auscultation.

ABNORMAL: Bruits over the thyroid lobes

can be heard in hyperthyroidism due to
increase blood flow through the arteries.
Examination of the Nose
Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Inspect the Color is the same as the rest of the face; the
nose for color and shape. Palpate for nasal structure is smooth and symmetrical;
consistency and tenderness. the client reports no tenderness and
discomfort.

Abnormal Findings
Red, swollen and tender nose is indicative of infection from the internal nasal structures.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Check Client is able to sniff through each nostril
patency of airflow through the nostrils while other is occluded

Abnormal Findings
Dyspnea is
significant of a
client with rhinitis
or presence of
foreign object.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Check the The nasal mucosa is dark, moist and free of
internal nose, use otoscope or lift the tip of the exudate. Septum is intact and free of lesions.
nose to expose the internal nose. Turbinates are pink.
 Abnormal Findings
Infections of the septum

Perforation is a hole that Abscess is an infection A pool of clotted blood

develops through the wall with pus formation in an organ, tissue or
of a body organ body space
 Abnormal Findings
Infections of the turbinates
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Palpate the Sinuses are not tender and no crepitus heard.
sinuses.
Crepitus is a crackling or popping sound that
occurs as a result of tissues rubbing together
abnormally.
Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
 Abnormal Findings
Frontal or maxillary sinuses
are tender is significant
with allergies or bacterial
rhinosinusitis.

If the client has a large amount of

exudate, the nurse may
feel crepitus over maxillary
sinuses.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
PERCUSSION. Percuss the frontal sinuses The sinuses are not tender on percussion
and over the maxillary sinuses for tenderness.
 Abnormal Findings
The frontal and maxillary sinuses are tender upon percussion in clients with allergies or sinus
infection.
 Assessment Procedure Normal and Abnormal Findings
TEST FOR CLIENT’S SENSE OF SMELL. If the client can smell and identify the odor 8-
Test the client’s sense of smell. Take an alcohol 12 inches away around the chest level, then
swab and allow to breathe in any of these odor client has normal smell.
(coffee, alcohol or
or liniment) and ask client to identify
the odor.

TRANSILLUMINATION TEST.
Absence of red glow is significant with fluid or
pus-filled.
Examination of the Mouth
Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION. Inspect the lips for Lips are smooth and moist without lesions or
consistency and color. swelling.

Abnormal Findings

Pallor around the lips (circumoral pallor) Bluish discoloration (cyanotic) is

is significant to client with anemia. Indicative of cold or hypoxia (less O2)
 Abnormal Findings

Reddish lips are significant in clients with ketoacidosis (is a problem that affects people with
diabetes where the body starts breaking down fat at a rate that is much too fast), CO
poisoning, COPD and polycythemia (a blood cancer where bone marrow makes too many RBC
leading to thickening of blood, slowing its flow, and blood clots).
 Abnormal Findings

Edematous lips significant in allergic reactions

 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION. Note also the parotid ducts. Parotid ducts or Stenson’s ducts are visible
with flow of saliva with no redness, swelling,
and pain.
Abnormal Findings
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION. Inspect the buccal mucosa for Buccal mucosa should appear pink in light-
color and consistency using penlight and skinned clients. Tissue is moist without
tongue depressor. lesions.

Abnormal Findings

Ulcers significant of adrenocortical Thrush is an infection of the mouth

Insufficiency (less cortisol hormone) caused by Candida.
 Abnormal Findings

White patch or plague significant of Significant in chidren with measles

chronic irritation or smoking
 Assessment Procedure
INSPECTION. Inspect the teeth for decay,
loose, absence and misalignment.
Normal Findings
Teeth should be clean with no decay, white
with shiny enamel and smooth surfaces and
edges. Adults should have a total of 32 teeth
(16 teeth in each arch).

Abnormal Findings
Abnormal findings are missing, loose,
broken and misaligned teeth. Diseases of the
teeth include baby-bottle tooth decay, epulis
(lesions of the oral mucosa), meth mouth
(methamphetamine is a dangerously addictive
drug) and Hutchinson's teeth (congenital
syphillis).
 Abnormal Findings

Yellow or brownish teeth are significant in clients who smoke, drink large quantities of coffee /
tea, or have excessive intake of fluoride.

Presence of brown dots & dental caries is significant for client’s loss of appetite. White spot is
significant as a result from antibiotic therapy
 Assessment Procedure
INSPECTION. Inspect the gums using, a
gloved hand and tongue depressor. gently
retracts the cheek to allow inspection of the
upper and lower gums.
Normal Findings
Gums appear symmetrical, moist and pinkish,
with well-defined margins. Dark-skinned
people may have a melanotic line along the
gum margin.

Abnormal Findings
Abnormal findings include swelling, cyanosis, paleness, dryness, sponginess, bleeding or
discoloration. Diseases include leukoplakia (thick, white patches of the buccal mucosa and
gums), epulis, gingival hyperplasia, gingivitis, periodontitis and aphthous ulcer (canker sore).
 Abnormal Findings

Gingival hyperplasia Epulis

Gingivitis Periodonditis
 Abnormal Findings

Aphthous ulcer (canker sore) Bluish or black color gums significant

to lead poisoning or severe dental caries
 Assessment Procedure
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Inspect &
palpate tongue for color, moisture, size, and
texture. Note also its fasciculations and
protrusions.
Normal Findings
Tongue should be pink, moist, a moderate size
with papillae present. No lesions are present.
 Abnormal Findings

Black tongue significant in bismuth

toxicity Fissured tongue in dehydration,
malnutrition and down’s syndrome.

Red, shiny tongue without papillae in niacin or

Vitamin B12 deficiency, anemia &
antineoplastic therapy.
 Abnormal Findings

Enlarged or swollen tongue in Tongue faciculations (fine twitching)

hypothyroidism, acromegaly. significant in spinal cord (CN XII)
disorders.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Assess the
ventral aspect of the tongue for lesions and
frenulum for tongue movement limitations.

The tongue ventral surface is smooth, shiny,

pink or slightly pale with visible veins
without lesions.
Abnormal Findings

Fleshy
outgrowth

Leukoplakia is a condition in which

thick, white or grayish patches
 Abnormal Findings

Abrasions and ulcers of the ventral tongue

 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Check the Tongue offers strong resistance.
strength of the tongue.
 Abnormal Findings
Decreased tongue strength significant with CN XII defect or shortened frenulum.
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Check the The client can distinguish between sweet and
tongue’s ability to taste by placing sugar and salty.
salty water on the tip and sides of tongue.
Abnormal Findings
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Inspect the The hard palate is pale or whitish with firm,
hard (anterior) and soft (posterior) palates. transverse rugae or wrinkle-like folds.
Abnormal Findings
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Assess also The uvula is a fleshy, solid membrane that
the uvula. hangs freely in the midline.

Abnormal Findings

Different structures of Bifid Uvula

 Abnormal Findings
Mallampati Score: Predictor of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Inspect the Tonsils maybe present or absent. They are
tonsils for color, size and presence of exudates normally pink and symmetrical. No exudate,
or lesions using a tongue depressor. swelling, lesions should be present.

Abnormal Findings
Abnormal Findings
 Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
INSPECTION AND PALPATION. Inspect the Throat is normally pink without exudate or
posterior pharyngeal wall. lesions.

Abnormal Findings
Assessment Procedure Normal Findings
Abnormal Findings
Abnormal Findings