Advanced Power System

Protection
Lecture 2
By
Dr. Gul Rukh

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Types of Fault Discrimination
• Discrimination on the bases of Current.
• Discrimination on the bases of Time.
• Discrimination on the bases of Current and Time.
• Discrimination on the bases of Current and Phase Angle.
• Discrimination on the bases of Current and Voltage (Distance
Protection).
• Discrimination on the bases of Difference in Current.
• Discrimination on the bases of Difference in Phase angle.

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Limiting Short-Circuits Current
• Majority of faults in power systems are short-circuits that may or may
not involve ground.
• Fault currents are usually much higher than the normal rated system
currents depending on the nature and severity of fault.
• The worst possible situation is 3-phase short circuit, although rare,
the fault currents are enormously high.
• The most common fault is a line to ground short circuit, but the
currents are far less than when compared with 3-phase short circuit.

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Limiting Short-Circuits Current
• Fault currents are abnormal and must be limited to avoid damage to
equipment before the operation of security devices for isolating fault.
• Figure (1) which shows 3-phase short-circuit across the generator
terminals.
• The waveform shown to the left in Figure (1) is the situation in one of
the phases, illustrating that for a first few cycles the fault current is
very high and there is no significant negative half cycle.

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Before the activation of protective devices the system and equipment must be able to withstand this
current, which may carry a risk of damaging expensive components such as generators and
transformers.

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Current Limiting Reactor
• When compared to fuses, these are used to limit the let through current
such that the fuse interrupts the short circuit current before quarter
cycle of the short circuit current waveform.
• Note that current limiting fuse does not necessarily reduce the steady
state short circuit current. It only limits the short circuit from reaching its
actual value after which the fuse will have to be replaced.
• CLR could also be applied between two separate sections of switchgear,
on the feeder sections, as outrush limiting reactors for capacitor banks
etc.
• Feeder reactors typically will have 3 – 5% reactance while synchronizing
bus reactors sometimes reach values of 7.5 – 10%.
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Constructional Features
• The current limiting reactor is an inductive coil having large inductive
reactance in comparison to their resistance and is used for limiting
short circuit currents during fault conditions.
• Reactors are generally of two types; air core dry type or iron core dry
or oil filled reactor. For short circuit current limiting applications, air
core dry type reactors are most commonly used.
• Iron core reactors though occupy less space, but can saturate when
high magnitude short circuit current flows through them.
• Saturation of iron core reduces the effective impedance making it
inappropriate for most current limiting applications.

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Constructional Features
• The main purpose of the current limiting reactor is that its reactance
should not decrease when a large short current flows through its
windings.
• When the fault current exceeds about three times rated full-load current
then large cross section iron cored reactor is used for limiting the fault
current. Because of the large cross-section area, the iron cored reactor
becomes very costly and heavy.
• The iron-cored reactor produces hysteresis and eddy current loss due to
which more power is consumed as compared to air cored reactor.
• Normally, in an air cored reactor, the total losses are of the order of 5%
of kVA rating of the reactor.
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Calculations
• The calculations are based on knowing the system MVA and voltage
and the fault current under symmetrical 3-phase short-circuit.
• Once the fault current has been found, the short-circuit MVA is
determined. Then if Xr is the reactance of reactor and is the system
voltage then:

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Calculation (Cont.…)
• Current limiting reactor must be placed at proper location for the
purpose of limiting the fault current with minimum interruption.
• If V is the system voltage (usually considered as 1pu) and I is the rated
full-load current, then the rated MVA P is:

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Calculation (Cont.…)

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Calculation (Cont.…)

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Assignment No.2

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Thankyou

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