Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 12
Chapter 12
Coalitions
Situations with More than
Two Parties
12-2
A Seller and Two Buyers
12-3
What Is a Coalition?
Interacting groups of individuals
Deliberately constructed and issue oriented
Exist independent of formal structure
Lack formal structure
Focus goals external to the coalition
Require collective action to achieve goals
Members are trying to achieve outcomes that
satisfy the interests of the coalition
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Types of Coalitions
Potential coalition: an emergent interest group that
has the potential to become a coalition by taking
collective action but has not yet done so.
Two forms:
Latent coalitions
Emergent interest group that has not yet formed
Dormant coalitions
Interest group that previously formed, but is currently
inactive
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Types of Coalitions
Operating coalition: one that is currently operating,
active, and in place.
Two forms:
Established coalition
Relatively stable, active, and ongoing across an indefinite
time and space
Members represent a broad range of interests
Temporary coalition
Operates for a short time
Focused on a single issue or problem
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Types of Coalitions
Recurring coalitions: may have started as
temporary, but then determined that the issue or
problem does not remain resolved
Members need to remobilize themselves every time the
presenting issue requires collective attention
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How and Why Coalitions
Form and Develop
12-8
How and Why Coalitions
Form and Develop
12-9
How and Why Coalitions
Form and Develop
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How and Why Coalitions
Form and Develop
Coalitions need to achieve critical mass
Find their “joining threshold”
A minimum number of people get on board
Others join because friends and associates are
members
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How and Why Coalitions
Form and Develop
Linking new members—“ties”—become critical:
Strong ties: a new member who can bring a lot to the coalition,
but demands a lot in return;
Weak ties: a new member who only brings a small amount to the
table—enough to leverage the coalition to a “win”—but will not
demand as much in return.
Hence, weak ties can create strength for coalition
founders:
Founders who have a large, diverse network of weak ties are
often in a better situation to form a coalition than those who have
a small, tightly organized network of strong ties
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How and Why Coalitions
Form and Develop
12-13
Standards for Coalition
Decision Making
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Standards for Coalition
Decision Making
12-15
Power and Leverage in Coalitions
How is power related to coalition formation?
Strategic power
Emerges from the availability of alternative coalition
partners
Normative power
Derives from what parties consider to be a fair or just
distribution of the outcomes
Relationship-based power
Shaped by the compatibility of preferences between parties
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How to Build Coalitions –
Practical Advice
12-17
Prospective Coalition Member Roles
12-18
Prospective Coalition
Member Roles
Allies
Parties who are in agreement with a negotiator’s goals and
vision, and whom the negotiator trusts
Opponents
People with whom a negotiator has conflicting goals and
objectives, but who can be trusted to be principled and
candid in their opposition
Bedfellows
Parties with whom a negotiator has high agreement on the
vision or objectives, but low to moderate levels of trust
12-19
Prospective Coalition
Member Roles
Fence Sitters
Parties who will not take a stand one way or the other
Fear taking a position because it could lock them in, be
politically dangerous, or expose them to risk
Adversaries
Adversaries are low in agreement and cannot be trusted.
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Action Strategies for Building Relationships in
Coalitions
With allies
Affirm agreement on collective vision or objective
Reaffirm quality of the relationship
Acknowledge doubt and vulnerability with respect to
achieving vision and collective goal
Ask for advice and support
With opponents
Reaffirm relationship based in trust
State vision or position in a neutral manner
Engage in problem solving
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Action Strategies for Building Relationships in
Coalitions
With bedfellows
Reaffirm the agreement; acknowledge caution exists
Be clear about expectations in terms of support
Ask what they want from you
Reach agreement on how to work together
With fence sitters
State your position; find out where they stand
Apply gentle pressures
Focus on issue; have them tell you what it would take to gain
their support
12-22
Action Strategies for Building Relationships in
Coalitions
With adversaries
State your vision or goals
State your understanding of your adversary’s position in a
neutral way
Identify your own contributions to the poor relationship
End the meeting by restating your plan but without making
demands
12-23