3.

Atoms,elements
and compunds
Bonnie Shi
 1
Objectives

2
Vocabulary

Content
3
Electron configuration

4
Periodic table

5 Ion
1. Objectives
• Determine the electronic configuration of elements with proton
number 1 to 20, e.g. 2,8,3

• State that:

(a) Group VIII noble gases have a full outer shell

(b) the number of outer shell electrons is equal to the group number
in Groups I to VII

(c) the number of occupied electron shells is equal to the period

number

• Describe the formation of positive ions, known as cations, and

2. Vocabulary

• electron configuration/ electron arrangement/ electronic structure

• period/ group
• valency electron/ outer shell electron
• cation/anion
3. Electron configuration

 Electrons are not evenly spread but exist in layers called

electron shells. (The shells can also be called energy levels).
 The first shell, closest to the nucleus, is the lowest energy level.

 The further a shell is from the nucleus, the higher the energy
level. first shell

further shell
3. Electron configuration

• The arrangement of electrons in these shells is often

called the electron configuration.

• This arrangement always follows several rules:

1st shell holds a maximum of

1st shell 2 electrons (duplet)
2nd shell 2nd shell holds a maximum
of 8 electrons (octet)
3rd shell 3rd shell holds a maximum of
8 electrons

Start from the first shell, then when a shell becomes full electrons then fill the next shell
3. Electron configuration

Practice: Lithium; Sodium; Potassium

Also we can give the electron arrangement or electronic structure simply

in terms of numbers:

Li 2,1 Na 2,8,1 K 2,8,8,1

 The electron configuration for the first 20 elements

3.Electron
configuration
4.Periodic table
4.Periodic table

• Elements are arranged on the Periodic table in order of increasing

atomic number (Hydrogen has 1 proton, helium has 2 protons,
lithium has 3 etc.)

• The table is arranged in vertical columns called Groups numbered I

– VIII (roman numerals) and in rows called Periods numbered 1-7
 There is a clear relationship between the electron
configurations and how the Periodic Table is designed

4.Periodic 1. The period number tells you how many shells there are.

table
 2. All the elements in a group have the same number of electrons
in their outer shells. (So Group I elements have 1, Group II have
2, and so on. )

4.Periodic
table

3. These outer-shell electrons are also called the valency

electrons.
4. The valency electrons dictate how an element reacts. So the
 Group VIII -- noble gas -- a special group
 Their atoms all have 8 outer-shell electrons, except

4.Periodic for helium, which has 2.

 All of the noble gases have full outer shells (including
table Helium) and this makes them become unreactive
(stable) elements.

Group VIII is sometimes called Group 0.

 4.Periodic table

number of groups = number of outer shell electrons

number of periods = number of shells

Ions  Ion: An electrically charged particle
containing different numbers of protons and
electrons.

• Metals: all metals lose electrons to another

atom and become positively charged ions
• Non-metals: all non-metals gain electrons
from another atom to become negatively
Ions
Ions
More about ions

• Not every element forms ions during reactions. In fact, out of the first 20
elements in the Periodic Table, only 12 easily form ions.

• These ions are given below, with their names.

Compound ions
• All the ions you met so far have been formed from single atoms. But ions can also be formed
from a group of bonded atoms.

• These are called compound ions.The most common ones are shown below. Remember, each is
just one ion, even though it contains more than one atom.
Thank you
Bonnie Shi