TOPIC 3

HALAL RAW MATERIALS

• The student should be able to explain :
• What is filth/Najs according to Islamic Law.
• What is the sources, usage, requirement of
Raw Material.
• Requirements for Halal raw material selection.
• Raw Material Audit.
Najs
 INTRODUCTION
• FILTH/NAJS ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC LAW
• Cleanliness is an important part of Islam, including
Qur'anic verses that teach how to achieve ritual
cleanliness. Keeping oral hygiene through cleaning
the teeth with the use of a form of toothbrush called
miswak is considered Sunnah , the way of Prophet
Muhammad. Ritual ablution is also very important,
as observed by the practices of wudu (partial
ablution), ghusl (full ablution), and
tayammum (water-free alternative using any natural
surface such as rock, sand, or dust).
– Hygiene is a prominent topic in Islam.
Islam has always placed a strong emphasis on
personal hygiene. Other than the need to be
ritually clean in time for the daily prayer
through wudu and ghusl, there are a large
number of other hygiene-related rules
governing the lives of Muslim.
 CONCEPTS OF CLEANLINESS
• Cleanliness may be wed with a moral quality,
as indicated by the aphorism "CLEANLINESS IS
NEXT TO GODLINESS," and may be regarded
as contributing to other ideals such
as health and beauty.
 CONCEPTS OF CLEANLINESS
• In emphasizing an ongoing procedure or set of habits for the
purpose of maintenance and prevention, the concept of
cleanliness differs from purity, which is a physical, moral, or
ritual state of freedom from pollutants. Whereas PURITY is
usually a quality of an individual or substance, cleanliness has
a social dimension, or implies a system of interactions.
• A household or workplace may be said to exhibit cleanliness,
but not ordinarily purity; cleanliness also would be a
characteristic of the people who maintain cleanness or
prevent dirtying.
• On a practical level, cleanliness is thus related
to hygiene and disease prevention.

• Washing is one way of achieving physical

cleanliness, usually with water and often some
kind of soap or detergent.

• Procedures of cleanliness are of utmost

importance in many forms of manufacturing.
Two kind of cleanliness in Islam

PHYSICAL SPIRITUAL

FREE FROM
POLYTHEISM, ILL
RELATED TO HUMAN
MANNERS, LOVE OF
BODY WEALTH, LOVE OF
FAME

RELATED TO CLEANLINESS OF
ENVIRONMENT, THE INNER-SELF
WATER, HOUSE & THAT IS HEART,
PUBLIC PLACES MIND AND SOUL
Najs/ Filth
 FILTH/NAJS ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC
LAW
• In Islamic Law, najis are things or persons regarded as
ritually unclean. According to Islam, there are two
kinds of najis:

2. The unessential najis which

1. The essential najis which
become najis while in contact
cannot be cleaned
with another najis

Shirt which
Blood contact
with urine
 Filth/najs in Islam
• Pig
Najs mughalazah • Dog
(heavy najasah) • Descendents

• Blood
Najs • Urine
Mutawasitah • Feces

Najs Mukhafafah • Urinate of baby boy under 2 years old -

(light Najasah) Suckling from the mother
 SWINE
 3 of the 6 most common food-borne parasitic diseases of humans are
associated with pork consumption. These includes toxoplasmosis, taeniasis
or cysticercosis (caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia solium) and
trichinellosis.

 “one reason for God’s rule forbidding pork is that the digestive system of a
pig is completely different from that of a cow. It is similar to ours, in that the
stomach is very acidic. Pigs are gluttonous. Their stomach acids become
diluted because of the volume of food, allowing all kinds of vermin to pass
through this protective barrier. Parasites, bacteria, viruses and toxins can pass
into the pig’s flesh.”
 Purify
1. To rid of impurities: purify water.
2. To rid of foreign or objectionable elements: tried to purify the party
of its dissenters.
3. To free from moral or spiritual defilement: rituals to purify the soul.

What are the methods of purification?

We commonly use these methods for purification of substances:
 Simple crystallisation.
 Fractional crystallisation.
 Sublimation.
 Simple distillation.
 Fractional distillation.
 Distillation under reduced pressure.
 Steam distillation.
 Azeotropic distillation
 The Muṭahhirāt
(The Purifying Agents)
• It is possible to purify a thing which has
become najis. These muṭahhirāt agents that
can purify najis can be divided into two groups:
a. Nature
1. Water
The Qur'an says:
“He (Allah) is the one who sends the winds as good news before
His mercy; and We send down pure water from the cloud.”
(25:48) 2. The
3. The
According to the shari'ah, water can be of two types: muṭlaq Earth -
Sun
and muḍāf. Muṭlaq is pure water without putting it to a tayamum
scientific test. The five forms of muṭlaq are the following: rain,
well water, running or flowing water (river or stream), Kur water
(lake, sea or ocean), and less than kur. Muḍāf is mixed water as
in tea or kool aid
 What are some agents used to
purify water?
Common Methods of Water Purification
Chlorine.
NaDCC.
Iodine.
Boiling.
Filtration.
Chlorine Dioxide.
 The Muṭahhirāt
(The Purifying Agents)
b. Physical Change

istiḥālah (chemical change)

inqilāb (change in properties)

intiqāl (change in place)

zawāl li-ʿayni n-najāsah (disappearance of the source of najāsah)

istibrāʾ (quarantining)
 Istihalah
• literally means transformation and conversion of substances
to other material. It is one of alternative methods of
determination on halal and haram.
• Basically, the main sources of Istihalah are from Quran,
Sunnah (prophetic tradition), Ijma’ (consensus of legal
opinion) and Qiyas (analogy) (Nyazee, 2000). While,
secondary sources of Istihalah namely, al-Maslahah (public
interest), al-‘Uruf (custom), al-Istihsan (juridical preference),
Sad al-Dhari’ah (blocking the means), al-Istishab
(presumption of continuity) and others (Audah, 2010).
 Istihalah
• can be define as a transformation of one material to other
materials (Qal‘ahji, 1996). Zuhayli (1997) also defines Istihalah as
transformation or conversion of material to other material which
involves conversion of the composition and properties includes
the conversion of filthy (Najs) materials into pure (al-Thahir)
materials.
• Hammad (2004) add that Istihalah is a transformation of filthy
or haram materials to other materials which include physical
appearance and its properties such as name, odor, taste, color
and nature.
• Therefore, Istihalah can be defined as a complete transformation
occurred physically and chemically (Aizat & Radzi, 2009).
• Therefore, fiqh Istihalah is the concept of understanding the
process of physical and chemical transformation or conversion of
materials which affect the halal and haram status.
Istihalah can be divided in three types
• First, Istihalah includes the transformation physical appearances,
• secondly transformation of chemical substances and
• thirdly the transformation occurred both in physical and chemical.
• Physical transformation includes odour, taste and colour.
• While chemical transformation is the changes of chemical
substances in materials.
• At the same time, transformation of physical and chemical of one
substance involve complete changes hence produce new
materials. Classical manual in Islamic law noted that the complete
transformation can be described such in several examples.
• One of them is the blood of roe deer transform into nourish
essence. It also includes the transformation of animal’s faeces into
ashes through burning process.
• While, physical transformation includes all animal skin
except dogs and pigs through tanning process.

• Finally, the example of chemical transformation is the

changes of wine to vinegar through fermentation process
(Zuhayli, 1997). Both wine and vinegar are still in liquid
form, but they are difference in term of chemically
properties. In Islamic law, vinegar is permitted, while wine
is prohibited because of the intoxication effects.
 The Muṭahhirāt
(The Purifying Agents)
C. SPIRITUAL CHANGE
Halal Raw Material
MEANING OF RAW MATERIAL
• BASIC MATERIAL USED IN THE

1 PRODUCTION OF GOODS, FINISHED

PRODUCTS OR INTERMEDIATE
MATERIALSTHAT ARE THEMSELVES
FEEDSTOCK FOR FINISHED PRODUCT

• AS FEED STOCK, THE TERM

2 CONNOTES IT IS A BOTTLENECK ASSET

CRITICAL TO THE PRODUCTION OF
OTHER PRODUCTS

• WHEN WE TALK ABOUT RAW FOOD, IT

MEANS THE FOOD HAS NOT BEEN

3 PROCESSED BY COOKING. WHEN WE

PROCESS SOMETHING WE DO
SOMETHING TO IT TO TURN IT INTO
SOMETHING ELSE WITH DIFFERENT
PROPERTIES.
 Raw Materials
• Raw materials, including ingredients, processing
aids, and packaging, are the foundation of finished
food products.
• Raw material origin for food, drugs, cosmetics:
Plant, animal, microbial and miscellaneous:
mineral, synthetic, mixture.
• they must meet regulatory requirements (safe and
legal for your intended use) and your specifications
(contribute to the functionality and quality of your
process and product).
 Examples of raw materials used to make other
materials
Clay is moulded
and burned to
Animal wool is used to make
make ceramics,
clothes, such as jerseys and
such as teacups,
scarves
teapots and
vases

Sand is a natural, raw material. Coal and oil are

Sand is heated to extremely used to make
high temperatures and melted plastics, paints
to make glass. and fabrics

Wood and plant

Animal skin is a raw material and
fibres are used is processed into leather to make
to make paper. shoes, handbags and belts
Examples of Raw Materials
Substance Description Islamic Opinion

Occurs naturally in plant Halal if it is made from

juices and can be plant sources or
Acetic Acid prepared synthetically synthetically. If it is made
and can be obtained from from animal tissues, then
animal tissues.n it will not be Halal

Occurs naturally in beets

Adipic Acid and can be prepared As the source is plant, it is
synthetically. Halal.

Naturally occurs as
Agar Agar seaweed, used in place of As the source is plant, it is
gelatine Halal.
If lard or gelatine made
Beta-apo-8- Carotenal An orange/yellow colour from animal (other than
(C30) (Apocarotenal) derived from plants but fish) is used then it will
(E160e) may utilise gelatine or not be suitable for Halal
lard to dissolve in water. use.
A colour obtained from a
Carmine / Cochineal dried female insect, It is not suitable for Halal
(E120) use.
cochineal
 A protein of milk used in the
manufacture of cheeses. It is If animal enzyme is used
Casein precipitated by acid or by then it will not be suitable
animal or vegetable for Halal use.
enzymes.

Syrup made from chocolate

and used for chocolate
Chocolate Liquor flavoured products. It is not It is suitable for Halal use.
liquor or alcohol but because
it is a liquid it is called liquor.
Made from starch, used as a
As the source is plant, it is
Dextrose (corn syrup) sweetener or colouring
suitable for Halal use.
agent.
A colour obtained by If charred from wood or
E153 Carbon Black charring bones, meat, blood, vegetables then it will be
wood, vegetable etc. suitable for Halal use.
An emulsifier originally
obtained from egg yolk but
E322 Lecithin It is suitable for Halal use.
commercially prepared from
Soya bean oil
Sources of Halal Raw Materials
from al-Quran
 SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
1. Islam Permits What Is wholesome
• Al Baqarah : 168 – (O mankind! Eat of what is
permissible and good on earth and do not follow the
foodsteps of Satan, truly he is and open adversary to
you)
• Allah provide for mankind on this vast outspreed
table, the earth the good things to eat.
SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL

Plants Animals Microorganism

 SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
• Don’t follow of satan who has alluring to some people things
which Allah has made halal.
• Allah said (Al Baqarah 172-173) : (O you who believe! Eat of
the good things that We have provided for you and be
thankful to Allah if it is He alone Whom you worship. Indeed
that He has forbidden to you is (1) the flesh of dead animals
and (2) blood and (3) the flesh of swine and (4) that which
has been sacrificed to anyone other than Allah. But if one is
compelled by necessity, neither craving (it) nor transgressing,
there is no sin on him, indeed, Allah is Ever Forgiving, Ever
Merciful)
 SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
Islam Permits What Is wholesome
Allah has explains that no food is haram to mankind except 4 kind mentioned.
Then Allah has detailed in al Maidah: 3
(Forbidden for you are :
1. the flesh of dead animals and
2. blood and
3. the flesh of swine and
4. that which has been dedicated to any other than Allah, and
5. that which has been killed by strangling or
6. by beating or
7. by falling or
8. by being gore and
9. that which has been (partly) eaten by a wild beast except that which you make
lawful by slaughtering (before its death) and
10. that which has secrificed to idols…)
 SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL

• Physical filth is different from ritual

impurity. Filth includes certain things that
non-Muslims might eat but which are
forbidden to Muslims.
• Filth also includes specified substances that
come out of the bodies of humans or animals.
• Filth or food that has become contaminated
with filth is prohibited for eating according to
most scholars including Malik, Abu Hanifa, al-
Shafi‛i
 SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
• 1. the flesh of dead animals
• The beast or fowl which dies of natural causes, without being
slaughtered or hunted by men. Reason:
1. Eating the flesh of a dead animal is repugnant to civilized taste and is
considered by thinking people in all societies and contrary to human
dignity.
2. Act and intention to take the life of the animal in order to used it as
food.
3. The animal maybe died of some acute or chronic disease, or eating a
poisonous plant – would probably be harmful.
4. It’s a source of food to another animal and birds – mercy from Allah.
5. Encourages the owner to guard it from disease and malnutrition lest
it die and be waste.
 SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
• 2. Flowing Blood
• Blood that flows out of a non-aquatic animal is filth
whether the animal is living or dead, even if it is in the
process of being properly slaughtered. Blood coming
from a living animal or a prohibited animal cannot be
eaten in any quantity, no matter how small it is. (most
scholar – small amount of blood can be ignored)
• Drinking of blood is repugnant of human decency and
that is may likewise be injurious to health.
• Al-Shafi‛i is among those who say that the blood of fish
is clean, while some other scholars disagree
SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL

3. Pork

4. That which is dedicated to anyone other

than Allah
Example : the name of an idol – in Arab
polytheist using al Lat or Al Uzza. So the
reason for prohibition is entirely related
to faith, to safeguard the belief in the
Oneness of Allah to purify worship.
 SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
5/6/7/8/9. Type of Dead animal (that which has been killed by
strangling or by beating or by falling or by being gore)
• Flesh from warm-blooded dead animals (meaning animals that
died other than by proper intentional slaughter or hunting) not
from the water is filth.

• As for dead animals that lived in water, Malik as well as al-Shafi‛i

and his school say they are clean but Abu Hanifa disagrees.

• Having the same legal status as dead meat is meat from animals
that died as a result of strangulation, falling, being beaten,
goring or being partially eaten by another animal[ and also any
part cut off from a living animal other than its hair. (Dead meat
SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL

• Ali bin Abi Talib said: “If you can slaughter a

beaten, a fallen, or a gored animal while it
(still) moves it hoof or leg, you may eat it”.
• It’s lawful by slaughtering.
 SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
• In the selection of food and drink, Islam has laid down three very important
guidelines, namely;

1. Whether the consumption of the foodstuff is prohibited by Allah,

2. Whether the foodstuff is obtained through Halal or Haram means, and
3. Whether or not the material is harmful to health.

• There are several factors that determine the Halal/Haram status of a particular
foodstuff. Amongst others, it is dependent on its nature, how it was
processed and where it originated from. As an example, any pig product is
considered Haram because the material itself is Haram. Whereas beef from
an animal that has not been slaughtered according to Islamic rites would still
be considered Haram. Also Haram is food that has been stolen or acquired
through unethical means. Islam also prohibits the usage of any materials that
are detrimental to the spiritual or mental well-being of a person, such as
alcoholic drinks and drugs.
 usage OF RAW MATERIAL

MODERN PRODUCT:
1. Fresh meat 4. Bone & hide product

7.
3. Offal product 6. Imitation
2. Meat product 5. Fats as food Pharmaceutical
- liver pork product
Product
 USAGE OF RAW MATERIAL

1. Fresh Meat

There are many types of animals available and these

may or may not be slaughtered according to the
Islamic law. Some of these animals include chicken,
duck, turkey, quail, cattle, goat, sheep, rabbit, venison
 USAGE OF RAW MATERIAL

Of course these products are

Another important group of also available in a form which no
meat products are those using a pork or lard is added as in kosher
2 Meat
.
mixture of pork and non pork
raw material. These include
luncheon meat, salamis, various
salami and beef frankfurter’s.
There are also available chicken
and turkey roll. If these
Products types of sausages etc. In these
products pork fat is used instead
products contain pork or pork
products and are not made from
of beef fat. Halal slaughtered animals
Muslims will not purchase them.
 USAGE OF RAW MATERIAL

3. Offal Products

Example of these include liver, lungs, heart, intestines, tripe, brains and blood. Besides
direct consumption, some of these can also be processed into value-added products.
Intestines in their wet or dry form can be used as casings for various types of sausages.

All these must be from animals slaughtered in a Halal manner otherwise the whole
product will not be acceptable. Blood on the other hand is never acceptable under any
circumstance.
 USAGE OF RAW MATERIAL

4. Bone Gelatin which is used in many food preparations is another important

animal product. The main sources are skin and bones. The production
and Hide from skin basically involves an extraction process of several stages with
increasing temperatures, filtration and concentration in a vacuum
Products evaporator.

On the other hand production from bones would involve the removal of
fat, demineralization and extraction with dilute alkali. Besides being a
source of gelatin, bones when converted into bone meal and purified, is
used as a natural source of calcium and phosphorus which can be used
in pediatric food.

The hides of the cattle can be processed into edible crackers, while
chicken and pig skin can be emulsified to be used as ingredients in the
production of emulsion type sausages. Again if the bones and hides are
not from the slaughtered animals these products can not be accepted.
Pork and all pig products are prohibited.
USAGE OF RAW MATERIAL

Apart from lean meat animal fat has been

used as food for man for a long time. Beside

5. Fats as Food being highly digestible and providing high

calories, fat plays an important role in adding
palatability to the lean meat because of the
flavor and aroma it provides.

Fats also carry fat soluble vitamins and have

The processed meat industry uses a lot of
essential fatty acids and phospholipid.
unprocessed fat in the production of various
However, in modern diets, the consumption of
meat products like burgers, sausages and
fat, especially saturated fats, has been reduced
other small goods.
drastically for health reasons.

Back fat from pigs is used substantially in the

manufacture of sausages and salamis and is
used for frying purposes. Shortening from
animal fat are used in bakeries. Only tallow
and shortening made from the fats of Halal
slaughtered animals can be used
 USAGE OF RAW MATERIAL

6. Imitation Pork Products

Bacon and ham are traditional products made from pork. As

such, they are clearly Haram. However, these products can
also be made from beef and lamb products and are made to
resemble the original pork version.
 USAGE OF RAW MATERIAL

7. Pharmaceutical Products
Classified under
A number of
hormones are
Pharmaceutical
products can be
products like insulin, Adrenocorticotrop
obtained from
glucagon, pituitary Glucagon is also in’s most
gland powdered obtained from
various animal Bovine serum extract,
important medical
tissues, especially
albumin is adrenocorticotropin, the pancreas use in restoring
from the glands like the activity of
pancreas, thyroid, sometimes thyroid and gland. It raises
parathyroid, insulin is blood sugar malfunctioning
adrenal, pineal as used as a used for the adrenal glands in
well as organs like levels and helps
liver, stomach, lungs component of treatment of
diabetes. The counteract
human. It can also
and also blood as moisturizing be used in the
well as other fine
pancreas gland of insulin shock treatment of
chemicals obtained cream and the pigs and cattle resulting from rheumatic
are used as the main
from animals like lotions. source of insulin an overdose of disorders such as
bovine serum arthritis, and eye
albumin and gelatin
although in recent insulin.
which are classified
years, insulin of inflammation due
under protein.
microbial origin have to allergies.
been used.
 REQUIREMENT OF RAW MATERIAL
To determine the Halal-Haram status of foodstuffs and other material, Islam has laid
general guidelines on this matter, namely:

1. All raw materials and ingredients used must be Halal.

2. Naturally Halal animals such as cattle, goats etc., must be slaughtered

according to Islamic rites, the rituals specify that the act must be performed by a
mentally sound Muslim, to sever the blood and respiratory channels of the
animal, using a sharp cutting tool such as knife.

3. The Halal ingredients must not be mixed, or come into contact with haram
materials such as products from pig or dog during storage, transport, cooking,
serving etc.
Halal Raw Material Audit
 Audit
• The evaluation is to determine the degree of
compliance to a prescribe norm.
• Prescribe norm?
• Requirements of a product or servive
requested the clients.
 Halal Internal Audit
• A systematic and independent process of
obtaining evidence and evaluating it
objectively to determine the extent of
compliance to halal certification requirements.
 Halal Internal Audit
• Halal internal audit one of the important
verification activity in ensuring compliance with
halal standard and requirements.
• In Malaysian Standard (MS1500:2009) for Halal
Food – Production, Preparation, Handling and
Storage – General Guideline (Second Revision)
stated in Clause 4, product to be certified halal shall
comply with Clause 3 of this standard and shall be
verified through inspection as deem necessary by
the competent authority.
• The importance of audit is further stressed in
Clause 3.1 whereby management of the company
shall ensure the availability of competent
personnel to ensure effective implementation of
halal internal control system.

• Halal Internal audit is one of the important tools

which provide proof indicating halal internal
control system within the organization is
implemented and in compliance with regulatory,
standard and system requirements.
Factors Affecting Internal Audit
How to produce a Checklist?
 Raw Material Audit
• A description of team responsibilities helps in the understanding of the
diverse expertise needed to identify key raw material characteristics.
• Research and Development (R&D) – Invents the finished product to
meet the customer’s expectations.
• Quality – Ensures that the programs and practices will result in
finished product that is safe, is legal, and meets the company
standards as well as specifications outlined by R&D.
• Production (from receiving to shipping) – Handles the raw materials
and in-process and finished product in an appropriate manner
(including equipment capability) to ensure the finished product is safe,
is legal, and meets R&D’s specifications.
• Sales – Works with R&D and the customer to define and negotiate an
acceptable product with an affiliated price point.
 RAW MATERIAL AUDIT
• The requirement of halal raw material:
1. Halal sources
2. Non hazarding
3. Non poisoning

• The auditor must aware the sources of halal

raw material
 How to proof that materials fulfilling
criteria?
• Tracing the original source of material by using
halal material documents assessment.
• Verification / observation during on site audit.
• Laboratory analysis (if needed).
 Requirements of Halal Materials
• Not considered as Najs according to Islamic
Law and MS1500:2009.
• Materials that have possibility to be produced
in the same facility with material from pigs or
their derivatives . It is must be supported by a
pork free facility statements.
• Source of materials must be traceable by
coding system of materials.
Requirements for Animal Derived Material

• Halal species Animal.

• Must be slaughtered according to Islamic Law
Requirements of Microbial derived Material

• Do not cause infection and intoxication to

humans.
• Ingredients of growth media additives, and
processing aids do not contain materials from
pork or its derivatives.
• The growth media of microbial materials that
are obtained without separation frim its
media, must consist of pure and halal
materials.
 Cont’
• Microbial materials that are obtained by
separation from growth media, if the
ingredients of growth media are haram
(unlawful) and Najis as long as derived from
pork and its derivatives, they must be purified
according to Islamic rule.
• Recombinants microbes must not contain gen
from pigs or humans.
 Requirement of Alcohol/ethanol
• Alcohol / ethanol can be used as processing
aids or disinfectant as long as not harmful to
human, not produced by khamr industry.
• Ethanol level which is allowed : end consumer
products is undetected, and intermediate
products : <1%.
 Requirements of Khamr by-products
• By products of khamr industry or its derivatives in liquid
form that are physically separated from khamr cannot
be used.
• By products of khamr industry or its derivatives that are
in solid form like brewer yeast can be used after washed
until there is no anymore smell, taste and odor of
khamr.
• By product of khamr industry or its derivatives can be
used if it has been reacted further to produce new
compounds through chemical or biotransformation
reactions.
 Materials that must be supported by Halal
Certificate
• Materials derived from slaughtered animal.
• Material which is difficult to trace its halal status or
material contain material which is difficult to trace.
• Material which the manufacturer could not provide
the information of its ingredients such as flavor.
• Material which contain complex material if
reviewed from its critical points and complexity of
its production process.
Materials which does not need Document

• Pure inorganic chemical substance.

• Fresh plant materials and whole dried plant
materials.
• Pure mining material.
• Fresh milk, egg and honey.
• Fresh and frozen aquatic animal.
The End