Electrical Power &

Machines (EE328)
Dr. Amged Sayed

Lecture 8
 AGENDA
Review
DC Generators

Types of DC Generator
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 Review DC Motor
 When the field winding of a d.c. machine is connected in parallel with
the armature, this is called shunt wound.
 If the field winding is connected in series with the armature is said to
be series wound
 The generated e.m.f.,
 The supply voltage, V is given by:

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Review DC Motor
 If T is torque, then the mechanical power developed by motor is given
by Tω watts
 Hence
 For a given machine,

Dr. Amged Sayed

 DC Generator
The Principle of a Generator
If a conductor moves or ‘cuts’ through a magnetic field, voltage will be
induced between the terminals of the conductor at which the magnitude
of the induced voltage is dependent upon the velocity of the wire .

Dr. Amged Sayed

 DC Generator
The Generated e.m.f
 The field excitation is shown as a voltage, Vf ,

generating the field current, If , that flows

through resistor, Rf , and the field coil, Lf.

 The armature circuit, consists of a voltage source
representing the back emf, Eb, the armature

resistance, Ra, and the armature voltage, Va

 To the machine acts as a generator, Va < Eb and Ia 6

Dr. Amged Sayed

 DC Generator
Types of Generator
D.c. generators are classified according to the method of their field
excitation. These groupings are:
(i) Separately-excited generators, where the field winding is connected
to a source of supply other than the armature of its own machine.
(ii) Self-excited generators, where the field winding receives its supply
from the armature of its own machine, and which are sub-divided into :-
(a) shunt, (b) series, and (c) compound wound generators.
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Dr. Amged Sayed

 Types of DC Generator
(1) Separately-excited generator
 When a load is connected across the armature terminals, a load
current Ia will flow.
 The terminal voltage V will fall from its open-circuit e.m.f. E due to a
volt drop caused by on the armature resistance, Ra

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 Types of DC Generator
Example
A generator is connected to a 60Ω load and a current of 8 A flows. If the
armature resistance is 1Ω determine (a) the terminal voltage, and (b) the
generated e.m.f.

Solution
a) The terminal voltage

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 Types of DC Generator
Example
A separately-excited generator develops a no-load e.m.f. of 150 V at an
armature speed of 20 rev/s and a flux per pole of 0.10 Wb. Determine the
generated e.m.f. when (a) the speed increases to 25 rev/s and the pole
flux remains unchanged, (b) the speed remains at 20 rev/s and the pole
flux is decreased to 0.08 Wb, and (c) the speed increases to 24 rev/s and
the pole flux is decreased to 0.07 Wb.
Solution
a) generated e.m.f. E

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 Types of DC Generator
Example
A separately-excited generator develops a no-load e.m.f. of 150 V at an
armature speed of 20 rev/s and a flux per pole of 0.10 Wb. Determine the
generated e.m.f. when (a) the speed increases to 25 rev/s and the pole
flux remains unchanged, (b) the speed remains at 20 rev/s and the pole
flux is decreased to 0.08 Wb, and (c) the speed increases to 24 rev/s and
the pole flux is decreased to 0.07 Wb.
Solution
b)
c)

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 Types of DC Generator
Characteristic of Separated excited Generator
The two principal generator characteristics are:
a) Generated voltage/field current characteristics, called the open-
circuit characteristic (O.C.C)
b) The terminal voltage/load current characteristic, called the load
characteristic.

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 Types of DC Generator
Applications:
 A separately-excited generator is used only in special cases, such as
when a wide variation in terminal voltage is required, or when exact
control of the field current is necessary.
 Its disadvantage lies in requiring a separate source of direct current
 They are used as supply source of DC motors, whose speeds are to be
controlled for various applications

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 Types of DC Generator
(2) Self-excited generator Shunt-Wound Generator
 In a shunt wound generator the field winding is connected in parallel
with the armature.
 The field winding has a relatively high resistance and therefore the
current carried is only a fraction of the armature current.
 The Generated e.m.f voltage

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 Types of DC Generator
(2) Self-excited generator Shunt-Wound Generator
 The armature current
 The field current is
 :- is the load current

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 Types of DC Generator
Example
A shunt generator supplies a 20 kW load at 200 V through cables of
resistance, RD =100 mΩ. If the field winding resistance, Rf = 50 Ω and the
armature resistance, Ra = 40 mΩ, determine (a) the terminal voltage, and
(b) the e.m.f. generated in the armature.
Solution
a) Load current
Voltage drop in cables = (100)(100m)=10 V
The terminal voltages= 200+10=210 V

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 Types of DC Generator
Example
A shunt generator supplies a 20 kW load at 200 V through cables of
resistance, RD =100 mΩ. If the field winding resistance, Rf = 50 Ω and the
armature resistance, Ra = 40 mΩ, determine (a) the terminal voltage, and
(b) the e.m.f. generated in the armature.
Solution
b) armature current
The field current
Hence
The generated e.m.f,

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 Types of DC Generator
(2) Self-excited generator Shunt-Wound Generator
a. The Open circuit Characteristic
 The generated e.m.f., E is proportional to ɸω, hence at constant
speed, E ɸ.
 Also the flux ɸ is proportional to field current If until magnetic
saturation of the iron circuit of the generator occurs.

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 Types of DC Generator
(2) Self-excited generator Shunt-Wound Generator
b. The Load Characteristic
 At no load, the terminal voltage is the internal induced voltage whose
characteristic is a doted line.
 When the load is supplied by the generator, increasing the load current
(IL), increases the armature current increasing drop, thus V decreases.

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 Types of DC Generator
(2) Self-excited generator Shunt-Wound Generator
Applications
 The shunt-wound generator is the type most used in practice,
 But the load current must be limited to a value that is well below the
maximum value.
 This then avoids excessive variation of the terminal voltage. Typical
applications are with battery charging and motor car generators.

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 Types of DC Generator
(3) Self-excited generator Series-Wound Generator
 In the series-wound generator the field winding is connected in series
with the armature .

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 Types of DC Generator
(3) Self-excited generator Series-Wound Generator
 The generated e.m.f. E, is proportional to ɸω and at constant speed ω.
The E is proportional to ɸ.
 For values of current below magnetic saturation, the flux ɸ is
proportional to the current.
 For values of current above those required for magnetic saturation, the
generated e.m.f. is approximately constant.
 The values of field resistance and armature resistance in a series-
wound machine are small, hence the terminal voltage V is equal to E.
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 Types of DC Generator
(3) Self-excited generator Series-Wound Generator
 The field winding is in series with the armature
 it is not possible to have a value of field current when the terminals
are open circuited, thus it is not possible to obtain an open circuit
characteristic.
 Applications: It can be used as a ‘booster’ on d.c. transmission lines
and Arc welding.

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