Computer and its

Applications in Pharmacy
Muhammad Umer Mehmood
Computer Hardware
Introduction
• Computers come in many varieties from tiny computers to built-in
household computer appliances, to the astounding supercomputers
that have helped scientists map the human genome.
• Complete computer system consists of 4 parts:
• Hardware
• Software
• Data
• User
Hardware
• The mechanical devices that make up the computers are called
Hardware.
• Hardware is the part of the computer that is physically visible and
touchable.
• Hardware is used to control the computer operations.
Essential Computer Hardware
A computer’s hardware falls into one of four categories:
1. Processor
2. Memory
3. Input and Output
4. Storage
Processing Device
• The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information is
called processing. To perform transactions computer use two
components:
• Processor
• Memory
Processor
• The processor is like the brain of the computer it organizes and carries
out instructions that comes from either the user or the software.
• The processor usually consist of one or more specialized chips, called
microprocessor which are silver of silicon or other material.
Processor
• The microprocessor is plugged into Computer’s motherboard
• The motherboard is a rigid rectangular card containing the circuitry
that connects the processor to the other hardware.
• The motherboard is an example of a circuit board.
• In most personal computers, many internal devices such as video
cards, sound cards, disk controller, and other devices are housed on
their own smaller circuit boards, which attach to the motherboard.
• In many newer computers, these devices are built directly into the
motherboard.
Motherboard
Processor
• A personal computer’s processor is usually a single chip or a set of
chips contained on a circuit board.
• Living on the motherboard, a PC's chipset controls the
communication between the CPU, RAM, storage and other
peripherals.
• The chipset determines how many high-speed components or USB
devices your best motherboard can support.
CPU Brand Chipset Name CPU
Intel Z690 12th Gen Alder Lake
Intel H670 12th Gen Alder Lake

Intel B660 12th Gen Alder Lake

Intel H610 12th Gen Alder Lake

Intel Z590 11th Gen Rocket Lake

Intel H570 11th Gen Rocket Lake

Intel B560 11th Gen Rocket Lake

Intel H510 11th Gen Rocket Lake

Intel Z490 10th Gen Comet Lake

Intel H470 10th Gen Comet Lake

Intel H410 10th Gen Comet Lake

Intel B460 10th Gen Comet Lake

Intel Z390 9th Gen Coffee Lake

Intel Z370 9th Gen Coffee Lake

Intel H370 9th Gen Coffee Lake

Intel B365 9th Gen Coffee Lake

CPU Brand Chipset Name CPU
AMD TRX40 Ryzen 3000
Threadripper
AMD X570 Ryzen 3000
AMD B550 Ryzen 3000
AMD A520 Ryzen 3000 and
Athlon processors
AMD X470 AMD 2nd Gen Ryzen
AMD X399 Threadripper 2000
and 1000
AMD B450 2nd Gen Ryzen
AMD X300 1st Gen Ryzen
AMD A300 1st Gen Ryzen
Memory Devices
• In a computer, memory is one or more sets of chips that store data
and/or program instructions, either temporarily or permanently.
• Memory is a critical processing component in any computer Personal
computers use several different types of memory, but the two most
important are called random access memory (RAM) and read-only
memory (ROM).
Random Access Memory
Random Access Memory
• The most common type of memory is called random access memory
(RAM).
• RAM is like an electronic scratch pad inside the computer. RAM holds
data and program instructions while the CPU works with them. When
a program is launched, it is loaded into and run from memory. As the
program needs data, it is loaded into memory for fast access.
• As new data is entered into the computer, it is also stored in memory
but only temporarily. Data is both written to and read from this
memory
Random Access Memory
• RAM has a tremendous impact on the speed and power of a
computer. Generally, the more RAM a computer has, the mote it can
do and the faster it can perform certain tasks.
• The most common measurement unit for describing a computers
memory is the byte.
 Units of Measure for Computer Memory and Storage
Unit Abbreviation Actual Value
Bit B Binary Digit(0-1)
nibble Nibble 4 bits
Byte B 2 nibbles or 8-bits
Kilobyte KB 1024 Byte
Megabyte MB 1024 KB
Gigabyte GB 1024 MB
Terabyte TB 1024 GB
Petabyte PB 1024 TB
Exabyte EB 1024 PB
Zettabyte ZB 1024 EB
Yottabyte YP 1024 ZB
Brontobyte - 1024 YP
Geopbyte - 1024 Brontobyte
Saganbyte - 1024 Geopbyte
Alphabyte - 1024 Saganbyte
Kryatebyte - 1024 Alphabyte
 Units of Measure for Computer Memory and Storage
Unit Abbreviation Actual Value
Amosbyte - 1024 Kryatebyte
Pectrobyte - 1024 Amosbyte
Belgerbyte - 1024 Pectrobyte
Sambobyte - 1024 Belgerbyte
Quesabyte - 1024 Sambobyte
Kinsabyte - 1024 Quesabyte
Rutherbyte - 1024 Kinsabyte
Dubnibyte - 1024 Rutherbyte
Sebrogbyte - 1024 Dubnibyte
Bohrbyte - 1024 Sebrogbyte
Hassuibyte - 1024 Bohrbyte
Meitnerbyte - 1024 Hassuibyte
Dramstadbyte - 1024 Meitnerbyte
Roentbyte - 1024 Dramstadbyte
Coperbyte - 1024 Roentbyte
Still some left and some to be made
Read Only Memory
Read Only Memory
• Unlike RAM, read-only memory (ROM) permanently stores its data,
even when the computer is shut off. ROM is called nonvolatile
memory because it never loses its contents.
• ROM holds instructions that the computer needs to operate.
Whenever the computer's power is turned on, it checks ROM for
directions that help it start up, and for information about its hardware
devices.
Input and Output Devices
• A personal computer would be useless if you could not interact with it
because the machine could not receive instructions or deliver the
results of its work.
• Input devices accept data and instructions from the user or from
another computer system (such as a computer on the Internet).
• Output devices return processed data to the user or to another
computer system.