ATOMIC PHYSICS

PRENTATION
BY GROUP 5
GROUP 5 members

 Semakula Shudaisi
 Asiimwe Joshua
 Asiimwe Esther
 Nankabirwa Pauline
 Ahimbisibwe Cyrus
 Nabwami Mercy Rebecca
 Nagirinya Desire
 Muwanguzi Ruth
 Masika Nancy Hope
 Tusingirwe Pereth
 Kisaakye Linda
Outline
 1.0 Ionization Potential and excitation potential
 1.1 ionization Potential
 1.2 excitation potential
 2.0 Measurement of excitation potential
 2.1 By electron collision
 3.0 X-ray tube
 3.1 Parts of an x-ray tube
 3.2 Functions of each part
 4.0 Working principle of an X- ray tube
 4.1 Properties of an x- ray
 4.2 Sample questions
1.0 ionization potential

 This is the minimum amount of energy required to ionize an atom which is in

ground state.i.e it removes its most loosely bound electron
 To remove its most loosely bound electron is called first ionization energy of
an atom i.e. the one for hydrogen is 13.6eV or 2.18*
 Second ionization energy is the energy required to remove the second loosely
ionization energy .
continuation

 If follows from definition of electron volt that 13.6 eV is the k.e gained by an
electron being accelerated through ap.d of 13.6V
 If an electron which has been accelerated from rest by ap.d of 13.6V collides
with a hydrogen atom ,it has exactly the right amount of energy to cause
ionization
 It is a common method of producing ionization there for called ionization
potential
 Ionization potential is expressed in volts and is numerically equal to ionization
energy thus ionization potential for hydrogen is13.6eV
 1.1 Excitation potential

 This is the minimum energy that is absorbed by an electron to move from a

low energy level (ground state) to a higher energy level .
 The first and second excitation energies of an atom are approximately 0.2eV
and 12.1eV respectively and corresponding excitation potentials are 10.2eV
and 12.1eV respectively.
 Electrons move inside the atom in different energy levels, excitation
potential is usually the energy difference between initial and final state
 When an electron jumps from ground state (n=1)to another energy level (n=2)
the corresponding energy is called first excitation potential
 First excitation=energy level(n=2)-energy level(n=1)
2.0 MEASUREMENT POTENTIAL

By electron collision
Explanation;

 Spectrascopic evidence for the existence of discrete energy levels is

supported by the results of the experiments in which electrons are caused to
collide with the gas atoms
 Electrons are emitted by a filament f and accelerated towards the grid G and
pass through it
 Anode A is slightly negative with respect to G and therefore the electrons are
retarded as the move from G to A
 If is slightly larger than ,electrons have sufficient energy to reach A and
current flows through the galvanometer.
 If is increased the current is increased at first ,it’s electrons move across the
tube , and they collide with gas atoms. At this step collision is elastic hence
electrons bounce off atoms without losing energy
Continuation;

 As is increased further eventually a point is reached when the electrons have exactly the
right amount of energy to promote the atomic electrons to a higher energy level and
inelastic collision occurs
 All energy of the electron is given up to the atom with which it has collided, electrons no
longer have sufficient energy to reach A and galvanometer current falls
 Determine at which this happens it’s possible to calculate excitation potential of the
transition which has taken place
 Increasing beyond the value causes the current to rise until is again such that the
bombarding electrons can produce excitations.
A graph showing measurement
excitation potential by electron collision
3.0 X-RAY TUBE
PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF AN X-RAY
TUBE
INTERNAL PARTS
 Filament

it produces electrons by thermionic emission after being heated by low pd

Higher melting point
 Cooling fins
It cools the anode
 Concave focusing cathode
It directs electrons to the target
Continuation…….

 Tube window
This is where x-rays are received from
 cathode
It has the filament
It provides a negative voltage
Emits electron thermionically (provides for higher thermionically emission than other
metals]
 Anode
Stationary and rotating ,provides provides a positive voltage , it acts as a good thermal radiator
Provides mechanical support for target , which receives electrons emitted by cathode ,
continuation

 Target consists of tungstein alloys embedded on copper Anode

It also allows electrons to interact with much larger area and therefore the
heating of the anode is not confined in one small spot as in stationary
EXTERNAL PARTS
 Glass envelope
Protecting anode and cathode
Vacuum in the tube
Made up of Pyrex glass to withstand tremendous heat
 Xray tube support
These are required for a user to move the tube freely to position
continuation

 Protective housing
X-rays are produced isotopically , therefore we only use those produced through
the Xray tube window, those that go through the a protective housing are called
leakage radiation .
 Power supply
low pd; this heats up the cathode
Low pd; this accelerates electrons between the cathode and anode
4.0 THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN XRAY
TUBE
 The filament is heated by low voltage supply and the electrons are emitted by
the thermionic emission .
 The concave focusing cathode focuses the electrons from the filament onto
the target
 These electrons are accelerated towards the anode by high voltage between
the filament ands the anode .
 When the electrons [cathode rays] strike the metal target , about only 1%
their kinetic energy is converted to x-rays ,and the 99% of their kinetic energy
is converted to heat ,which is conducted away by the cooling fins.
 [target is made up of high melting point]
4.1 PROPERTIES OF XRAYS

 They travel in a straight line at a speed of light in vacuum

 They are not deflected by both electric and magnetic field ,hence they carry
no charge
 They cause photo electric emission
 They affect photographic plates
 They cause fluorescence in some materials
 They are diffracted by crystals leading to an interference pattern
 They ionize gases through which they pass.
 They penetrate all matter to an extent [penetration is least in materials with
high density and atomic number e.g. lead]
SAMPLE QUESTIONS

 1.DESCRIBE HARD AND SOFT XRAYS ?

 2.EXPLAIN WHY TURNGSTEN IS USED AS A TURGET?
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IONISATION AND EXCITATION POTENTIA?
 THANK YOU