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DKA For PEM
DKA For PEM
DKA For PEM
Sarah Kandil MD
November 14th 2019
Date
Disclosure/COI
• No COI
2
Objectives
• Recognize DKA
• Initialize therapy
• Recognize life-threatening complications
3
Epidemiology
5
Diagnosis/Biochemical
6
Clinical Signs
• Dehydration (polyuria)
• Tachycardia
• Tachypnea
• Deep, sighing(Kussmaul)
respiration
• Acetone breath
• Nausea, vomiting
• Abdominal pain that may
mimic an acute abdominal
condition
• Confusion, drowsiness,
progressive loss of
consciousness.
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Risk Factors
8
Complications of DKA
• Cerebral Edema
• Cardiac Arrhythmias
• Severe Electrolyte abnormalities
• Severe Dehydration
• Thrombosis (CVL related, Stroke)
• Pulmonary edema
• Renal Failure
• Pancreatitis
• Rhabdomyolysis
• Severe Infections/Sepsis
• Death
9
Laboratory Investigation
Na is typically low. For every 100 mg/dL glucose above 200 mg/dL,
the measure Na should be reduced by 1.6 mEq/L
10
Goals of Therapy
A. Cardiovascular collapse
○ From dehydration
○ Treatment involves intravascular fluid expansion with ISOTONIC fluids
B. Overwhelming acidosis
○ From ketoacid production and lactic acid accumulation
○ Volume expansion and tissue reperfusion to correct lactic acidosis
○ Prompt initiation of insulin to stop fatty acid oxidation and ketone
production
○ Consider use of sodium bicarbonate in patients with arterial pH < 6.9 and/or
evidence of myocardial depression/collapse
• C. Hypokalemia
○ Insulin therapy is associated with rapid intracellular movement of potassium
○ Adequate potassium replacement in rehydration fluids and frequent
monitoring with blood tests and EKG’s
11
12
Treatment of DKA
• Hyperglycemia
Dia
gno • Ketoacidosis
se
• Isotonic fluid bolus
Flui • 1.5 to 2 X M (with NS)
ds
Ins
• 0.1 U/kg/hr start after first fluid bolus
ulin
13
When to add sugar back in?
14
What about Bicarb?
15
What about K?
• Potassium deplete
• Therapy (insulin and
correcting acidosis) cause
K to shift back into cells
• Check EKG/monitor
• Replete K if renal function
okay
16
Cerebral Edema
17
Cerebral Edema
• It usually occurs 6-18 hours into therapy, just as the patient appears to
be clinically and biochemically improving.
• This is the most common cause of mortality in children with DKA !!!
⎯ Mortality rate of 20% and morbidity rate of 25%
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Cerebral Edema
19
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Treatment of Cerebral Edema
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The High-Risk Patient
22
23
Hyperglycemia Hyperosmolar State (HHS)
formerly hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
24
YACCESS 888-YNHH-BED (888-964-4233)
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References
• Wolfsdorf JI, Allgrove J, Craig ME, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines
2014. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatr Diabetes.
2014;15(suppl 20):154–179.
• https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/Article?contentid=1727&language=English
• Google images
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