Quantitative research is a systematic

investigation that uses numerical and

computational techniques to provide
solutions to a problem, or explain a
phenomenon.
In conducting a quantitative research,
one must be able to choose appropriate
quantitative research design to
successfully conduct his or her study
RESEARCH DESIGN
 is defined as the logical and clear
strategy that the researcher must use
in order to integrate all elements of a
study.
Descriptive Research design
It is best used when the main objective of the study is
just to observe and report a certain phenomenon as it is
happening.

It can be used to discover what exists, unravel facts and

meanings.
Descriptive Research design
It is important to have a proper understanding of what a
research problem is about before investigating why it
exists in the first place.
ADVANTAGES
In using this design, the research subject is being observed in a natural
setting
It does not influence the normal behavior of the research subject

Most of the time, it is used as an antecedent to other quantitative

research designs in order to provide salient points in quantifying
variables; hence, giving the researcher an idea to worth-testing
hypothesis.
DISADVANTAGES
In this research design, there are no variables to be manipulated;
therefore, statistical analysis of the result cannot be done.

It is usually tagged as “unreliable” or “unscientific” quantitative

research design.
Its results cannot be replicated – making it a “less-good” type of
research.
EXAMPLE
 A description of how senior high school students spend their time
during ECQ (enhanced community quarantine) days of the pandemic.

 A description about the kinds of physical activities that can be done at

home by “work-from home” employees during remote working.
Correlational Research design
It seeks to determine if variable increases or decreases as
another variable increases or decreases.

It tries to create or understand an association between

variables.
It aims to clarify the relationship between variables to
determine its extent
ADVANTAGES
 It provides more data to the researcher than
experiments.
 Its results are more relatable and applicable in daily
lives.
 It recommends further research to other researchers.

 It helps the researcher to narrow down research findings

by allowing him or her to determine the strength and
direction of a relationship between variables.
DISADVANTAGES
 It is limited to uncovering the relationship between
variables in a study.
 It lacks conclusive reasoning to support the idea of
relationship among variables.
 The researcher’s correlative finding does not reveal how
variables influence each other.
EXAMPLE
The relationship between COVID-19 updates from the
Department of Health and anxiety.

The relationship between study time and exam scores

among senior high school students.
Causal-Comparative or Quasi-
Experimental Research
aims to measure the causal relationship between
variables.
It has an experimental structure that lacks random
assignment
Does not require a true control group that will serve as
the reference point in the study.
Causal-Comparative or Quasi-
Experimental Research
aims to measure the causal relationship between
variables.
It has an experimental structure that lacks random
assignment
Does not require a true control group that will serve as
the reference point in the study.
ADVANTAGES
 A researcher may use this design to generate results that
show trends
 Individual case study may be integrated to support
research findings.
 It uses statistical analysis.
 It is time and cost efficient due to direct
experimentation.
DISADVANTAGES
 Researcher’s inability to apply proper randomization
will lead to the failure of statistical testing.

 Some results may be inaccurate due to researcher’s

control to other factors.
 Some results may be inaccurate due to researcher’s
control to other factors.
EXAMPLE
The effect of part-time employment on the academic
achievement of senior high school students during the
COVID-19 pandemic.
The effect of parents’ active involvement in students’
academic performance.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Is based on the organized and logical steps of scientific
method
It is the most effective process in testing cause and effect
relationships.
It uses randomization during an experiment where it
involves a control group and experimental groups.
The control group serves as the reference point in the
study; whereas, the experimental groups receive varying
treatments or intervention.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Is based on the organized and logical steps of scientific
method
It is the most effective process in testing cause and effect
relationships.
It uses randomization during an experiment where it
involves a control group and experimental groups.
The control group serves as the reference point in the
study; whereas, the experimental groups receive varying
treatments or intervention.
ADVANTAGES
 Results obtained from the experiment can be
statistically analyzed. Moreover, it is easier to replicate
and validate.
 Results are more correct – accurate and precise
DISADVANTAGES
 It is costly. The expenses will be greater to set up the
groups in the experiment.
 Results may be “too good” or “too perfect” since it is
usually conducted in a laboratory setting. Thus, it may
not represent a real-world condition or state.

 At times, it is very difficult to accept or reject a

hypothesis because it requires highstandard means of
verification
EXAMPLE
The effect of teaching with synchronous and asynchronous
online modality, and modular-basis on students’ academic
performance in Practical Research 2.

The effect of Stratos, Jonika, and Pramt COVID-19

vaccine to the residents of Aloharity Village.
 SEATWORK:
Design that Aligns!

Directions:
Determine the appropriate quantitative research design
needed in each given research topic. Use your notebook or a
separate sheet of paper for your answers
 SEATWORK:
Design that Aligns!
1. A comparison on the effect of traditional marketing and digital marketing
to the sales of a milk tea store, Push Mo ‘Yan Tea!
2. The effect of part-time employment on the Mathematics’ test scores of Liya
Senior High School.
3. The relationship between smoking and weight.
4. The daily amount of time used by students in using social media platforms.
5. A description of how employers bring back their business during the
COVID-19 pandemic.
 SEATWORK:
Design that Aligns!
Directions: Choose the most appropriate quantitative research design needed in the given
study by Galvez and Landrito (2016), “Insecticidal Efficacy of Hagonoy Plant
(Chromolaena odorata) and ZZ Plant (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) Against Harlequin
Cockroach (Neostylopyga rhombifolia).” Write a brief explanation about your answer. Use
your notebook or a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
 SEATWORK:
Design that Aligns!
It is interesting to note that certain plants have insecticidal properties. Among these plants
that have shown such properties is Hagonoy Plant (Chromolaena odorata) and Zz Plant
(Zamioculcas zamiifolia). The said herbaceous plants contain chemical substances such as
saponins and alkaloids that is proven to cause irritation and death to most types of insects.
The main purpose of this study is to formulate a potential solution to the problems, which
are the pest (Harlequin cockroaches) and the dependence on insecticides, by developing an
insecticide out of Hagonoy Plant and Zz Plant. In the study reported herein, it sought to:
1. Test insecticidal potential of Hagonoy Plant and Zz Plant in terms of the length of time
the Harlequin Cockroaches are killed after the application of the five treatments; and
2. Determine the significant differences in the length of time the Harlequin Cockroaches
are killed when exposed to the five treatments.
MOTIVATION
 Direction:

Arrange the letters to

unravel the word
AMSPLNIG
CLUE:
It’s a process of selecting a specific number of subjects,
participants, or respondents that will be engaged in the study.
SAMPLING
It’s a process of selecting a specific number of
subjects, participants, or respondents that will
be engaged in the study.
POPULATION
It refers to the group of subjects,
participants, or respondents that provides
information about the study
SAMPLE
It refers to a part of the population
that was taken out to examine and
draw conclusions from.
Remember!
A good sample is one that is a
representative of the entire population
Giving each subject, participant, or
respondent an equal chance of being
chosen.
ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH
SAMPLE:
It saves time
It saves money
It focuses on the specific
It has less errors
some studies are sample-dependent
Sample size determination formula

This is suggested in determining the

number of samples you needed in
your study
 Margin of Error
This measures the maximum amount
by which the sample results are
expected to differ from those of actual
population
 Level of Confidence
This expresses the researcher
confidence on the data obtained from
a research sample
 Level of Confidence
It is usually expressed in percentage, most
commonly used confidence level is 95%, and
it determines how frequent the percentage of
the target population will provide an answer
that lies within the confidence interval.
Sample Size Determination
FORMULA:
Where:
n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error
(0.10, 0.05, or 0.01)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Noellie will conduct a study about
transformative leadership wherein the entire
population is 150. The margin of error allowed is
5%. What would be the sample size?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Noellie will conduct a study about transformative leadership wherein the
entire population is 150. The margin of error allowed is 5%. What would be
the sample size?

GIVEN:
N = 150 e = 5% or 0.05 n=?
SOLUTION:
n=
=
=
=
=
n=109.09 or 109
Statistical Power
Power of Test is the probability of rejecting a null
hypothesis in a study.

The ideal statistical power of a research study is

80%, and it suggests the presence of relationship
between the variables (independent and dependent)
in the study.
Appropriate sample size for consumer and in-
house sensory tests:
 for a 9-point hedonic scale = 40-100
 for a 7-point sensory rating = 100-120
 general acceptability = 50-300
 descriptive analysis = 6-12
Appropriate sample size for consumer and in-
house sensory tests:
 for a 9-point hedonic scale = 40-100

 for a 7-point sensory rating = 100-120

 general acceptability = 50-300

 descriptive analysis = 6-12

Appropriate sample size for consumer and in-
house sensory tests:
 for a 9-point hedonic scale = 40-100

 for a 7-point sensory rating = 100-120

 general acceptability = 50-300

 descriptive analysis = 6-12

Note that the power of test is increasing as the sample size increases.
Appropriate sample size for experiments
Sample size depends on the following:
✓ structure of the experiment
✓ method of analysis
✓ chosen significance level (usually 5%) ✓
desired power of test (usually 80%)
✓ variability in the measurements (usually from
a pilot study)
Remember:
The power of test is the probability of correctly
rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.
In research, it is incorrect for researchers to
state,
 “WE DO NOT ACCEPT THE NULL
HYPOTHESIS.”

The correct statement must be,

“WE FAILED TO REJECT THE NULL
HYPOTHESIS.”
Types of Sampling
Probability Sampling
is the process of selecting respondents by following the principles of
randomization. Here, it is ensured that every member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected.

Non-probability Sampling
rely on the subjective judgement of the researcher. Here, not every member of
the population has the same equal chance of being selected, thus making it a
biased sampling procedure
Simple Random Sampling
 Every member of the population has an equal
chance to be selected as a respondent or
participant in the study.
EXAMPLE
a researcher may use fish bowl method or randomizer wheel to
randomly select participants in the study.
Stratified Sampling
 The population is divided into strata or groups
and members are randomly selected in each
group. Here, there can be an equal
representation.
EXAMPLE
A researcher may opt to use the same number of respondents in
every group.
Systematic Sampling
 The researcher uses a specific system to select
members.

EXAMPLE
For example, every 3rd person from the list will be chosen.
Cluster Sampling
 The researcher divides the population into
clusters, and every member from the selected
cluster are considered as samples.

EXAMPLE
For instance, in Muntinlupa City, there are 8 barangays (serves as
clusters). From here, the researcher will randomly select 3
clusters to participate in the study.
Multi-stage Random Sampling
 A combination of two or more variations.

EXAMPLE
The researcher wants to know the foods in the Philippines It’s
impossible to collect data from every house of the country.
He/she will choose regions of interest, then cities to survey,
further narrows down by to specific towns to represent the
regions. Respondents from selected cities will participate in
study.
Multi-stage Random Sampling
 A combination of two or more variations.

EXAMPLE
The researcher wants to know the foods in the Philippines It’s
impossible to collect data from every house of the country.
He/she will choose regions of interest, then cities to survey,
further narrows down by to specific towns to represent the
regions. Respondents from selected cities will participate in
study.
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
Convenience Sampling
 The respondents will be selected based on
their availability.
EXAMPLE
 A researcher may ask the available individual
to be the respondent of the needed group.
Purposive Sampling
 The researcher sets qualifications to be met by
the respondents in order to participate in the
study. It is based on a preconceived purpose of
the study.
EXAMPLE
 The participants are selected according to the
needs of the study; applicants who do not
meet the needs are rejected
Quota Sampling
 The researcher will let members from a
population to participate in the study until the
desired number or sample size is met. .
EXAMPLE
 For this example, 10% of your sample are
ABM students. The selection process
continues until your quotas are filled.
Snowball Sampling
 The sampled people will nominate other
people until enough samples are collected
EXAMPLE
 It may be difficult to obtain a list of homeless
individuals so a researcher could find a few
homeless people and then ask them to recruit
more homeless they know to be involved in
the study.
Voluntary Sampling
 Self-selected response from any members of
the population.
EXAMPLE
 A researcher asks a request for participants of
a population to join the sample, and
participants will decide whether or not they
want to be in the sample
 TYPES OF POPULATION
A. Target Population or Theoretical
Population
 Refers to the entire group of individuals or
objects in the study which will help the
researcher to generalize a conclusion.
 TYPES OF POPULATION
B.Accessible Population or Study
Population
 a subset of the target population
where the researcher can apply their
conclusion.
 TYPES OF POPULATION
B.Accessible Population or Study
Population
 a subset of the target population
where the researcher can apply their
conclusion.
Steps in the Selection of Sample:
 1. Define the target population and determine the
appropriate sampling method to be used;

 2. Plan procedure for selecting samples and compute for

sample size;

 3. Select actual sample from a population and conduct

the study.