SECOND LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS
(Basic Concepts & Statements)

PRESENTED BY:
ENGR. LYNDON C. VILLALOBOS, ME
 Limitation of the First Law

The first law of thermodynamics states that a certain energy flow takes place when the system
undergoes a process or change of state is possible or not.
 According to first law in ‘cyclic process”
• Work is completely converted into heat or heat is completely converted into work
• Heat and Work are mutually converted into each other.
 But from experience this is NOT TRUE!
 Limitation of the First Law

 First law does not help to predict whether

a certain process is possible or not.
 The first law does not give info about the
direction
 It does not provide and specify sufficient
conditions to process takes place.
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

 The second law of thermodynamics gives more information about thermodynamic

processes.
 Second law may be defined as;
“Heat can not flow itself from a colder body to a hotter body”
 The second law is also used to determine the theoretical limits for the
performance of mostly used engineering systems like heat pumps, heat engines,
and refrigeration.
 “Kelvin-Plank” Statement

 The Kelvin-Plank statement of the second law of thermodynamics states that;

“It is impossible for any device as a heat engine that operates

on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce
an amount of work”

 This statement means that only part of the total heat absorbed by the heat engine
from a high temperature is converted to work, the remaining heat must be
rejected at a low temperature.
 “Kelvin-Plank” Statement

 The heat engine a s shown in Fig.1 is

converting 100% of heat into 100%
work.
 This system is not satisfying second
law.
 So, this statement can be also
expressed as “No heat engine has a
Figure 1 Figure 2
100% of thermal efficiency”
 “Clausius” Statement

 Clausius statement of the second law of thermodynamics is as below;

“It is impossible to construct a device as a heat pump that

operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer
of heat from lower temperature to higher temperature body”

 This statement means that heat cannot flow from a cold body to a hot body
without any work input.
 “Clausius” Statement

 The Coefficient of Performance (COP)

in Figure 2 is equal to 100/40 = 2.5
 So, in other simple words this statement
can be defined as
“Heat cannot itself flow from a
colder body to a hot body”

Figure 2

Figure 1
 Kelvin-Plank vs. Clausius Statement

Kelvin-Plank Statement Clausius Statement

 It is applied to “Heat Engines”  It is applied to “Heat Pumps” and
 It is a negative statement “Refrigeration”
 It is based on experimental  It is also a negative statement
observations and no mathematical  It is based on experimental observations
proof and no mathematical proof
 Perpetual Motion Machine
 Any device that violates the first or the second law.
 A device that violates the first law (by creating energy) is called PMM 1.
 A device that violates the second law is called PMM 2.
 Despite numerous attempts, no perpetual motion machine is known to have worked. If something
sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
Reversible and Irreversible Processes

 A process is reversible if, after it has occurred, both the system

and the surroundings can be returned to their original states.
 If the system cannot be restored to its initial state then the
process is called irreversible.
 The reversible processes do not occur in nature. They are only
idealizations of the actual process.
 Reversible processes are important because they provide the
maximum work from work-producing devices and the minimum
work input to devices that absorb work to operate. (theoretical
limitation of performance)
 The more close we approximate a reversible process the better.
Reversible and Irreversible Processes

 The factors that cause a process to be irreversible are called

irreversibilities.
 They include friction, unrestrained expansion, mixing of two
fluids, heat transfer across a finite temperature difference,
electric resistance, inelastic deformation of solids and chemical
reactions.
 When designing something we try to lower the irreversibilities.
 Carnot cycle

 A Carnot cycle is a hypothetical cycle consisting of four process

 Two reversible isothermal processes and
 Two reversible adiabatic processes.
 Can be expected either in a closed system or a steady flow system.
 Heat is caused to flow in working fluid by the application of a high-temperature energy source
during expansion, and flow out of fluid by the application of lower temperature energy sink during
compression.
 The Carnot engine is the heat engine that converts heat into work with the highest possible
efficiency.
 The Carnot refrigerator is the refrigerator that uses the minimum amount of work to cool a
space.
Reversible Isothermal Expansion (process 1-2, = constant)
Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (process 2-3, temperature drops from to )
Reversible Isothermal Compression (process 3-4, = constant)
Reversible Adiabatic Compression (process 4-1, temperature rises from to )
The Reversed Carnot Cycle:
The Carnot heat-engine cycle is a totally reversible cycle.
Therefore, all the processes that comprise it can be reversed, in which case it becomes the Carnot
refrigeration cycle.
 The Carnot Principles
1. The irreversible heat engine is always less than the efficiency of a reversible one operating between the
same two reservoirs.
2. The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two reservoirs are the same.
 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale:

A temperature scale that is

independent of the
properties of the
substances that are used to
measure temperature is
called the Thermodynamic
temperature scale. Such a
temperature scale offers
great conveniences in
thermodynamic calculation.
All reversible heat engines
operating between the same two
The arrangement of heat engines used to develop the
reservoirs have the same
thermodynamic temperature scale.
efficiency.
 For a reversible heat engine
operating between two
reservoirs:

With Kelvin Scale -⏀(T) = T

A conceptual experimental setup to

For reversible cycles, the heat transfer
determine thermodynamic
ratio / can be replaced by the
temperatures on Kelvin scale by
absolute temperature ratio / .
measuring heat transfers and .
The Carnot Heat Engine

The Carnot heat

engine is the most
efficient of all heat
engines operating
between the same
high and low-
temperature
reservoirs.

No heat engine can have a higher

efficiency than a reversible heat
engine operating between the same
high-and low-temperature reservoirs.
 For any heat engine:

 For a Carnot engine (i.e. any reversible heat engine):

 Carnot efficiency: This is the highest efficiency a heat engine operating between the two reservoirs
at and can have.
 For a steam power plant operating between = 750K and = 300K the maximum efficiency is 60%.
 The Quality of Energy:

The Carnot efficiency implies that, the higher the temperature , the higher the efficiency and hence the
higher the quality of energy.
The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump

1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 𝐻𝑃 =
𝑄𝐿
1−
𝑄𝐻

No refrigerator can have a higher COP than a

reversible refrigerator operating between the same
temperature limits.
 The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 𝐻𝑃 =
𝑄𝐿
1−
𝑄𝐻

For a Carnot refrigerator: For a Carnot heat pump:

replaced by replaced by
THANK YOU