Serviceability

- What is serviceability?
- Cracking in Flexural Members
- ACI Code Provisions for Crack Control
- Deflections for Elastic Sections
- Immediate Deflections
- Creep and Shrinkage Deflections
- ACI Code Provision for Deflection Control
What is serviceability?

Normal service = load actually expected to act

( load factor = 1.0 )

Serviceability = Satisfactory performance under normal

service condition

- Adequate strength

- Service load deflections

- Long-term deflections

- Tension crack ฎ virtually disturb and corrosion of steel

- Vibration

- Fatique

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Strength Design Method

- more accurate assessment of capacity

- higher strength materials

more slender members

Crackings
more service load problems
Deflections

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Cracking in Flexural Members

Es
Modular ratio n   8  10
Ec

Modulus of rupture fr  2 fc  30 kg/cm 2

Stress in steel fs  8(30)  240 kg/cm 2 fy

“Concrete always cracks at normal service condition”

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Well designed beam:

- Fine flexural crack ฎ hair line ฎ little corrosion

- Well distributed

When service load increase more than cracking load,

crack width becomes wider and number of cracks becomes larger.

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Gerely-Lutz Equation for Crack Width

Neutral
Effective tension axis
area of concrete h1 h2
Steel
2y centroid
y dc

Cracking w  0.011  3 d c A  10 3 mm

where fs = tensile stress under normal service, kg/cm2 = 0.6 fy (if no data)

dc = concrete cover, cm

 = distance ratio h1/h2 = 1.20 for beam = 1.35 for one-way slab
A = concrete area around one bar, cm2
total effective area 2 y bw
 
number of bars n

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Tolerable crack widths for reinforced concrete

Tolerable
crack width

Exposure condition in. mm

Dry air or protective membrane 0.016 0.41

Humidity, moist air, soil 0.012 0.30

Deicing chemical 0.007 0.18

Seawater and seawater spray;

wetting and drying 0.006 0.15

Water-retaining structures, excluding

nonpressure pipes 0.004 0.10

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ACI Provision for Crack Control

For beam,  = 1.20

w w
Define z  fs 3 dc A  
0.011 1.20 0.013

Interior beam z ฃ 31,000 kg/cm ( w ฃ 0.41 mm )

Exterior beam z ฃ 26,000 kg/cm ( w ฃ 0.34 mm )

For one-way slab,  = 1.35

Interior slab z ฃ 31,000(1.2/1.35) = 28,000 kg/cm

Exterior slab z ฃ 26,000(1.2/1.35) = 23,000 kg/cm

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T-beam flange in tension:

b  bE  L / 10
As As

Deep beam (h > 90 cm):

Ask  0.10 (d  75) cm 2 / m

d
 90 cm smax  d / 6  30 cm
Ask s
d/2

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Minimum number of bar in one layer

Total tensile area = 2 dc bw

2 dc bw
Tensile area per bar: A  m
m = number of bars in one layer
2dc
dc

4 cm bw 3
 z  2 d 2
b 2 d 2
bw
cover From z  fs 3 dc A     c w
 m c

 z / fs 
3
 fs  m

Example: SD40: fy = 4,000 kg/cm2, fs = 0.6(4,000) = 2,400 kg/cm2

covering = 4 cm dc = 5 + 0.5 db
stirrup ฦ ป 9-10 mm

2 5  0.5d b  bw
2

m  max m  2
 z / 2,400 
3

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Deflection of Elastic Sections

1) Excessive deflection cracking of partitions Wall

rain
2) Ponding effect of roof

3) Misalignment of machine

4) Visually offensive sag

Working Stress Design (WSD) Deflection is controlled indirectly by limiting

service load stress result in large member.

Ultimate Stress Design (USD) Members become more slender and/or

smaller sections may result in deflection problems.
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Intermediate Deflections
w
Simply supported (ideal condition)

5 wL4 

384 EI
L

End moments caused by monolithic joints (real condition)

w
Ma Mb


L2 ML2 wL2
 max  5M 0  3  M a  M b    a
48 EI  EI M0 
8

Ma Mb

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Effective
Effectivemoment
momentof
ofinertia
inertiafor
forContinuous
ContinuousT-beam
T-beamsections
sections

A C B

A C B

Section A-A Section B-B Section C-C

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Variation
Variationof
ofFlexural
FlexuralRigidity
Rigidity
with
withapplied
appliedbending
bendingmoment
moment

Ec I based on gross section plus

transformed area of reinforcement

Ec I
Ec I based on cracked
transformed section

0.2 Mu Mu Ig

Ie

Icr

1 2 3 4
Ma/Mcr
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 Deflection
Deflectionof
ofRC
RCBeam
Beam

Service load
Computed deflection based on
transformed cracked section
Load

Computed deflections using gross I

Actual deflection
Ec Icr
Cracking load E c Ig

Nonlinear
Deflection material
M2 range

M1
Mcr

0  
Deflection 
service_15
Effective Moment of Inertia Icr ฃ Ie ฃ Ig

 Mcr 
3
  M 3 
Ie    Ig  1     Icr  Ig
cr

 Mmax    Mmax  

fr Ig
where Mcr   cracking moment h yt
yt

Mmax = Maximum service load moment b

Ig = Gross section moment of inertia = bh3/12

Icr = Transformed cracked section moment of inertia

fr = Modulus of rupture = 2 fc

yt = Distance from N-A to tension face

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Single Value of Effective Moment of Inertia

Ie1 Im Ie2

1) Midspan value Ie = Im

2) Weighted average

Ie = 0.70 Im + 0.15( Ie1 + Ie2 ) for both ends continuous

Ie = 0.85 Im + 0.15 Ie1 for one end continuous

3) Simple average

Ie = 0.50 Im + 0.25( Ie1 + Ie2 ) for both ends continuous

Ie = 0.75 Im + 0.25 Ie1 for one end continuous

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Dead Load and Live Load Deflections
MDL+LL
MDL
Mcr (Ie)DL+LL
(Ie)DL

Ig

cr

DL LL

DL+LL
ML2
Dead load deflection:  DL  a
Ec  I e DL

ML2
Dead load and live load deflection:  DL  LL  a
Ec  I e DL  LL

Live load deflection:  LL   DL  LL -  DL

service_18
Example 1: Investigate the instantaneous deflection for the simply supported beam
over a span of 10 m. f’c=280kg/cm2, fy=4,000kg/cm2 40 cm

8 ton (LL)
5m Beam weight

60 cm
52 cm
700 kg/m(DL)

10 m
8DB25, As = 39.27 cm2

Minimum depth from ACI table:

L/16 = 10(100)/16 = 62.5 cm > 60 cm NG
Deflection must be checked

(a) Dead load deflection:

1
Ig  (40)(60)3  720,000 cm 4
12
1
Mmax  (0.7)(10)2  8.75 t-m
8

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For transformed cracked section
40 cm
fc  280 kg/cm2
x
N.A. Ec  15,100 fc  254,512 kg/cm2
2.04  106
nAs n  Es / Ec  8
254,512

Compute neutral axis location:

[MN-A= 0] x2
40  8(39.27)(52  x )
2
x 2  15.71x  816.82  0
x  21.8 cm

1
 40  21.8   8(39.27) 52  21.8 
3 2
Icr  Iconcrete  Isteel 
3
Icr  424,663 cm4

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 fr  2.0 280  33.5 kg/cm2

fr Ig 33.5  720,000
Mcr    8,040 kg-m
yt 30  100
3
Mcr 8,040  Mcr 
  0.92 ;    0.78
Mmax 8,750  Mmax 

Effective moment of inertia:

Ie = 0.78(720,000) + 0.22(424,663) = 655,026 cm4

Dead load deflection:

5wL4 5  700 /100  (10  100)4
 DL    0.55 cm
384Ec Ie 384  252,671 655,026

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(b) Dead load and live load delfection:

Mmax = 8.75 + 8(10)/4 = 28.75 t-m

3
Mcr 8,040  Mcr 
  0.28 ;    0.022
Mmax 28,750  Mmax 
Ie = 0.022(720,000) + 0.978(424,663) = 431,160 cm4

5wL4 PL3 5  7  (10  100)4 8000(10  100)3

 DL LL    
384Ec Ie 48Ec Ie 384  252671 431160 48  252671 431160

 0.84  1.53  2.37 cm

(c) Live load delfection:

LL = DL+LL - DL = 2.37 – 0.55 = 1.82 cm

L 10 100 
Allowable LL    2.78 cm > 1.82 cm OK
360 360

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Long-Term
Long-TermDeflections
Deflections
Creep
Creepand
andShrinkage
Shrinkage

Creep
Strain

Shrinkage

True elastic Nominal

strain elastic strain

t0 Time

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 Creep
CreepEffect
Effecton
onDeflections
Deflectionsunder
undersustained
sustainedload
load

Ec Ect
fc Sustained loading

i
Instantaneous loading

 0.5fc Service load condition i cp

Creep xi
xcp
Ct i Creep effect

Strain As
s

service_24
Creep Effect on Deflections under Sustained Load
Factors:
1) Constituents 4) Age and duration of loading
2) Curing temp. and Humidity 5) Magnitude of stress
3) Size of concrete member

 cp
Creep coefficient: Ct 
i
Creep deflection:  cp  Ct   i DL

 t 0.6 
ACI Code: Ct    Cu
 10  t
0.6


where t = time in days after loading

Cu = ultimate creep = 2.35 for 40% humidity

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Standard creep coefficient variation

For 10 cm or less slump, 40% humidity, moist cured

and loading age of 7 days

Ct = 0.78Cu Ct = 0.90Cu
at 1 year at 5 year
Cu

Ct

100 200 300 400 500 600

Duration of loading, days

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Creep Correction Factor (CF)
Conditions to use ACI equation:
- 40% relative humidity - 7 days loading age (moist cured)
- 10 cm or less slump - 1-3 days loading age (stream cured)
- 15 cm average thick

1) Age of loading: 2) Humidity for H ณ 40% :

Moist cured CF a  1.25 ta0.118 CF h  1.27  0.0067 H

Stream cured CF a  1.13 ta0.095 where H = relative humidity in %

where ta = age of loading in days

3) Compression steel effect:
0.85 As
kr  ,  
1  50   bd

 cp  k r Ct   i DL

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Shrinkage Effect on Deflections Under Sustained Load
Shrinkage deflection:

 sh  1  sh L2

where 1 = 0.50 cantilever beam

= 0.125 simply supported beam

= 0.086 one-end continuous beam

= 0.063 both-end continuous beam

sh = shrinkage curvature

L = span length, m

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Shrinkage strain:

t
Moist cured 7 days:  sh   sh u
35  t
t
Stream cured 1-3 days:  sh   sh u
55  t

where (sh)u = ultimate shrinkage strain

= 800ด10-6 cm/cm for 40% humidity

Correction Factor (CF):

CF h  1.40  0.010 H 40%  H  80%

CF h  3.00  0.030 H H  80%

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Shrinkage Curvature sh
Singly reinforced beam:
sh
 sh   s
 sh 
d
h d
s    
 sh 1  s 
d   sh 

where s = compressive
sh
strain in steel

Singly and doubly reinforced beam:

1/ 2
 sh     
            3%
1/ 3
 sh  0.7   for
h   
 sh
 sh  for        3%
h
where  or   = 100(As or As ) / bd

service_30
Creep and Shrinkage Deflections

 cp  sh  kr   i DL     i DL


  k r 
1  50  

Duration of

sustained load

5 years or more 2.0

1 year 1.4
6 months 1.2
3 months 1.0

service_31
Example 2: From beam in Ex.1, check the total deflection for sustained load at 5
years or more
2DB25 Solution: (1) Intermediate deflection from Ex.1
52 cm
60 cm

(i)DL = 0.55 cm

8DB25 (i)DL+LL = 2.35 cm

(i)LL = 1.80 cm
40 cm
(2) Compute creep and shrinkage deflection:

   As / bd  2(4.91) /(40)(52)  0.0047

2.0
  kr    1.62
1  50(0.0047)

 cp sh     i DL  1.62(0.55)  0.89 cm

Since ()DL can be accommodated by camber

 L 10(100) 
Deflection = ( i )LL   cp sh  1.80  1.89  2.69 cm <    2.78 cm  OK
 360 360 
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