KIA 1004 LECTURE 1 Plane Stress Transformation (Computational-Equations) (CO3) Sem2 2017-2018

KIA 1004: Mechanics of Materials
SEMESTER 2 – 2017/2018
LECTURE 1: Plane Stress Transformation

(Computational)
General Equations of Plane Stress Transformation;

Principal Stresses; and Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainah Ibrahim

Department of Civil Engineering
University of Malaya
KIA 1004 – Mechanics of Materials
SEMESTER 2 (2017/2018)
Course Outcomes (CO) – Programme Outcomes (PO) Matrix
No. Course Outcomes (CO) PO1 PO2 Delivery Assessment methods
Analyse the stress and strain transformation by Examination /

Lectures,
3 using the computational as well as the graphical √ √ Assignment /
Tutorials
method (Mohr’s Circle). (C4) Mid-Sem Test.
2
KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
SEMESTER 2 (2017/2018)
Notes/References:
1)Russell C. Hibbeler,
‘Mechanics of Materials SI Units’
(9th Edition, Pearson, 2015).
(ISBN13:
9789810690137)
1)Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell

Johnston, John T. DeWolf and David
Mazurek,
‘Mechanics of Materials SI units’
3
Why we learn “Stress &
Strain Transformation”
4
Why we learn “Stress &
Strain Transformation”
5
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1. Derive equations for transforming stress
components between coordinate systems of
different orientation
2. Use derived equations to obtain the maximum
normal and maximum shear stress at a pt
3. Determine the orientation of elements upon
which the maximum normal and maximum
shear stress acts
4. Discuss a method for determining the absolute
maximum shear stress at a point when material
is subjected to plane and 3-dimensional states
of stress
6
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Plane-Stress Transformation
2. General Equations of Plane Stress
Transformation
3. Principal Stresses and Maximum In-Plane
Shear Stress
4. Mohr’s Circle – Plane Stress
7
9.1 PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
General state of stress at a pt is characterized by six
independent normal and shear stress components.
In practice, approximations and simplifications are done
to reduce the stress components to a single plane.
8
9.1 PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
The material is then said to be
subjected to plane stress.
For general state of plane stress at a
pt, we represent it via normal-stress
components, x, y and shear-stress
component xy.
Thus, state of plane stress at the pt is
uniquely represented by three
components acting on an element
that has a specific orientation at
that pt.
9
9.1 PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
Transforming stress components from
one orientation to the other is similar in
concept to how we transform force
components from one system of axes to
the other.
Note that for stress-component
transformation, we need to account for
 the magnitude and direction of each
stress component, and

 the orientation of the area upon which
each component acts.
10
9.1 PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
Procedure for Analysis
If state of stress at a pt is known for a given
orientation of an element of material, then state of
stress for another orientation can be determined
11
9.1 PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
1. Section element as shown in (a).
2. Assume that the sectioned area is ∆A,
then adjacent areas of the segment will
be ∆A sin and ∆A cos.
3. Draw free-body diagram of segment,
showing the forces that act on the
element. (Tip: Multiply stress
components on each face by the area
upon which they act)
4. Apply equations of force equilibrium in
the x’ and y’ directions to obtain the two
unknown stress components x’, and x’y’.
12
9.1 PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
To determine y’ (that acts on the
+y’ face of the element), consider
a segment of element shown
below.
1. Follow the same procedure as
described previously.
2. Shear stress x’y’ need not be
determined as it is
complementary.
13
9.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Sign Convention
We will adopt the same sign
convention as discussed in
chapter 1.3.
Positive normal stresses, x
and y, acts outward from
all faces
Positive shear stress xy acts
upward on the right-hand

face of the element.
14
Sign Convention
The orientation of the
inclined plane is determined
using the angle .
Establish a positive x’ and y’
axes using the right-hand
rule.
Angle  is positive if it
moves counterclockwise
from the +x axis to
the +x’ axis.
15
Normal and shear stress components
Section element as shown.
Assume sectioned area is ∆A.
Free-body diagram of element
is shown.
16
Apply equations of force
equilibrium to determine
unknown stress components:
+ Fx’ = 0;
 x 'A   xy A sin  cos

  y A sin  sin    xy A cos sin 
  x A cos cos  0
 x '   x cos2    y sin 2    xy 2 sin  cos 
17
+ Fy’ = 0;
 x ' y 'A   xy A sin  sin 

  y A sin  cos   xy A cos cos
  x A cos sin   0

 x ' y '   x   y sin  cos   xy cos2   sin 2  
Simplify the above two equations using trigonometric

identities sin2 = 2 sin cos,
sin2 = (1  cos2)/2, and cos2 =(1+cos2)/2.
18
x  y x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2 9 - 1
2 2
x  y
 x' y '   sin 2   xy cos 2 9 - 2 
2
If y’ is needed, substitute ( =  + 90) for  into

Eqn 9-1.
x  y x  y
 y'   cos 2   xy sin 2 9 - 3
2 2
19
To apply equations 9-1 and 9-2, just substitute the
known data for x, y, xy, and  according to
established sign convention.
If x’ and x’y’ are calculated as positive
quantities, then these stresses act in the positive
direction of the x’ and y’ axes.
20
EXAMPLE 9.1 (Using static
equilibrium equations)
State of plane stress at a pt on surface of airplane fuselage
is represented on the element oriented as shown.
Represent the state of stress at the pt that is oriented 30
clockwise from the position shown.
21
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
CASE A (a-a section)
Section element by line a-a and remove
bottom segment as shown in (a) & (b).
Assume sectioned (inclined) plane has an area of ∆A,
horizontal and vertical planes have area as shown in (b).
Free-body diagram of segment is shown in (c).
22
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
Apply equations of force
equilibrium in the x’ and y’
directions (to avoid simultaneous
solution for the two unknowns)
+ Fx’ = 0;
 x 'A  50A cos 30cos 30
 25A cos 30sin 30  80A sin 30sin 30
 25A sin 30sin 30  0
 x '  4.15 MPa
• Since x’ is negative, it acts
opposite to its direction shown.
23
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
+ Fy’ = 0;
 x ' y 'A  50A cos 30sin 30

 25A cos 30cos 30  80A sin 30cos 30
 25A sin 30sin 30  0
 x ' y '  68.8 MPa
24
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
CASE B (b-b section)
Repeat the procedure to obtain the stress on the
perpendicular plane b-b.
Section element as shown on the upper right.
Orientate the +x’ axis outward, perpendicular to
the sectioned face, with the
free-body diagram as shown.
25
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
+ Fx’ = 0;
 x 'A  25A cos 30sin 30

 80A cos 30cos 30  25A sin 30cos 30
 50A sin 30sin 30  0
 x '  25.8 MPa
• Since x’ is negative, it

acts opposite to its
direction shown.
26
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
+ Fy’ = 0;
  x ' y 'A  25A cos 30cos 30
 80A cos 30sin 30  25A sin 30sin 30
 50A sin 30cos 30  0
 x ' y '  68.8 MPa
27
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
The transformed stress
components are as shown.
From this analysis, we conclude
that the state of stress at the pt
can be represented by choosing an
element oriented as shown in the
Case A or by choosing a different
orientation in the Case B.
Stated simply, states of stress are
equivalent.
(x + y = x’ +y’ = -30 MPa)
28
EXAMPLE 9.2 (Using stress
transformation equations)
State of stress at a pt is represented by the element
shown. Determine the state of stress at the pt on another
element orientated 30 clockwise from the position shown.
29
EXAMPLE 9.2 (SOLN)
This problem was solved in
Example 9.1 using basic principles.
Here we apply Eqns. 9-1 and 9-2.
From established sign convention,
 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa
Plane CD
+x’ axis is directed outward,
perpendicular to CD,
and +y’ axis directed along CD.
Angle measured
is  = 30 (clockwise).
30
x  y x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2 9 - 1
2 2
 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2 9 - 2 
EXAMPLE 9.2 (SOLN)
2
 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa

Plane CD
Apply Eqns 9-1 and 9-2:
 80  50  80  50
 x'   cos 2 30   25sin 2 30
2 2
 x '  25.8 MPa
 80  50
 x' y '   sin 2 30   25cos 2 30
2
 x ' y '  68.8 MPa
The negative signs indicate that

x’ and x’y’ act in the negative x’
and y’ directions.
31
x  y x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2 9 - 1
2 2
 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2 9 - 2 
EXAMPLE 9.2 (SOLN)
2
  80 MPa x  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa
Plane BC
Similarly, stress components
acting on face BC are
obtained using  = 60.
 80  50  80  50
 x'   cos 260   25sin 260
2 2
 x '  4.15 MPa
 80  50
 x' y '   sin 260   25cos 260
2
 x ' y '  68.8 MPa
32
EXAMPLE 9.2 (SOLN)
As shown, shear stress x’y’ was computed twice to
provide a check.
Negative sign for x’ indicates that stress acts in the
negative x’ direction.
The results are shown below.
33
9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND
MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
x  y x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2 9 - 1
2 2
In-plane principal stresses
Differentiate Eqn. 9-1 w.r.t.  and equate to zero:
d x ' x  y
 2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2  0
d 2
Solving the equation and let  = P, we get

 xy
tan 2 P  9 - 4 
( x   y ) / 2
Solution has two roots,  p1, and  p2.

34
For  p1,  x   y 
2
sin 2 p1   xy     xy 2
 2 
2
 x   y  
 x   y
cos 2 p1        xy 2
 2   2 
For  p2, 
 x   y
2
sin 2 p 2    xy     xy 2
 2 
2
 x   y  
 x   y
cos 2 p 2         xy 2
 2   2 
35
Substituting either of the two sets of trigonometric
relations into Eqn 9-1, we get
2
 x   y   x   y 
1, 2         xy 2 9 - 5
 2   2 
The Eqn gives the maximum/minimum in-plane normal

stress acting at a pt, where 1  2 .
The values obtained are the principal in-plane principal
stresses, and the related planes are the principal planes
of stress.
36
 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2 9 - 2
2
If the trigonometric relations for p1 and p2 are
substituted into Eqn 9-2, it can be seen that x’y’ = 0.
No shear stress acts on the principal planes.
Maximum in-plane shear stress

Differentiate Eqn. 9-2 w.r.t.  and equate to zero:
 ( x   y ) / 2
tan 2 S  9 - 6 
 xy
37

The two roots of this equation, s1 and s2 can be
determined using the shaded triangles as shown.
The planes for maximum
shear stress can be
determined by orienting
an element 45 from the
position of an element
that defines the plane
of principal stress.
38
Using either one of the roots
s1 and s2, and taking trigo
values of sin 2s and cos 2s
and substitute into Eqn 9-2:
2
 ( x   y ) 
 max
     xy 2 9 - 7 
in - plane  2 
Value calculated in Eqn 9-7 is referred to as the

maximum in-plane shear stress.
39
Substitute values for sin 2s
and cos 2s into
Eqn 9-1, we get a normal
stress acting on the planes of
maximum in-plane shear
stress:
x  y
 avg  9 - 8
2
40
IMPORTANT
Principals stresses represent the maximum and
minimum normal stresses at the pt.
When state of stress is represented by principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on element.
State of stress at the pt can also be represented in
terms of the maximum in-plane shear stress. An
average normal stress will also act on the element.
Element representing the maximum in-plane shear
stress with associated average normal stresses is
oriented 45 from element represented principal
stresses.
41
EXAMPLE 9.3
When torsional loading T is
applied to bar, it produces a
state of pure shear stress in
the material. Determine,
(a) the maximum in-plane
shear stress and
associated average
normal stress, and
(b) the principal stress.
42
EXAMPLE 9.3 (SOLN)
From established sign convention:
x  0 y 0  xy  
(a) Maximum in-plane shear stress &

average normal stress
Apply Eqns 9-7 and 9-8,
2
 ( x   y ) 
 max      xy 2  02   2  
 2 
in-plane
x  y 00
 avg   0
2 2
43
EXAMPLE 9.3 (SOLN)
As expected, maximum in-plane shear stress
represented by element shown initially.
Experimental results show that materials that are
ductile will fail due to shear stress. Thus, with a
torque applied to a bar
made from mild steel,
the maximum
in-plane shear stress will
cause failure as shown.
44
EXAMPLE 9.3 (SOLN)
(b) Principal stress
Apply Eqns 9-4 and 9-5,
 xy 
tan 2 P   ;
( x   y ) / 2 (0  0) / 2
 p 2  45  p1  135
2
 x   y  
 x   y
1, 2         xy 2
 2   2 
0 02   2  
45
EXAMPLE 9.3 (SOLN)
(b) Principal stress
Apply Eqn 9-1 with p2 = 45
x  y x  y
1, 2   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 0  0    sin 90  
Thus, if 2 =  acts at p2 = 45

as shown, and 1 =  acts on
the other face, p1 = 135.
46
EXAMPLE 9.3 (SOLN)
Principal stress
Materials that are brittle fail due to normal stress. An
example is cast iron when subjected to torsion, fails
in tension at 45 inclination as shown below.
47
EXAMPLE 9.6
State of plane stress at a pt on a body is represented
on the element shown. Represent this stress state in
terms of the maximum in-plane shear stress and
associated average normal stress.
48
EXAMPLE 9.6 (SOLN)
Orientation of element
Since x = 20 MPa, y = 90 MPa, and
xy = 60 MPa and applying Eqn 9-6,
x  y  / 2   20  90 / 2
tan 2 s   
xy 60
2 s 2  42.5  s 2  21.3
2 s1  180  2 s 2  s1  111 .3
Note that the angles are 45

away from principal planes
of stress. (using Eqn 9-4)
49
EXAMPLE 9.6 (SOLN)
Applying Eqn 9-7,
2
 ( x   y )  2
  20  90   602
 max      xy 2   
in - plane  2   2 
 81.4 MPa
 max   x' y '

Thus in - plane acts in the +y’ direction on this
face ( = 21.3).
50
EXAMPLE 9.6 (SOLN)
Average normal stress
Besides the maximum shear stress, the element is also
subjected to an average normal stress determined
from Eqn. 9-8:
 x   y  20  90
 avg    35 MPa
2 2
This is a tensile stress.
51
Break
52
Tutorial Questions
- in Class
53
Tutorial Questions 1 - in Class
54
KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Questions 1 (Solution) - in Class
55
Tutorial Questions 2 - in Class
56
Tutorial Questions 2 (Solution)
- in Class
57
SEMESTER 2 (2017/2018)
Course Outcomes (CO) – Programme Outcomes (PO) Matrix
No. Course Outcomes (CO) PO1 PO2 Delivery Assessment methods
Analyse the stress and strain transformation by Examination /

Lectures,
3 using the computational as well as the graphical √ √ Assignment /
Tutorials
method (Mohr’s Circle). (C4) Mid-Sem Test.
58
Thank You
59
Tutorial Questions
60
Tutorial Questions 1
61
Tutorial Questions 1 (Solution)
62
63
64
65
66
67

KIA 1004 LECTURE 1 Plane Stress Transformation (Computational-Equations) (CO3) Sem2 2017-2018

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KIA 1004: Mechanics of Materials

LECTURE 1: Plane Stress Transformation

General Equations of Plane Stress Transformation;

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainah Ibrahim

No. Course Outcomes (CO) PO1 PO2 Delivery Assessment methods

Analyse the stress and strain transformation by Examination /

1)Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell

stress component, and

each component acts.

upward on the right-hand

 x 'A   xy A sin  cos

 x ' y 'A   xy A sin  sin 

Simplify the above two equations using trigonometric

If y’ is needed, substitute ( =  + 90) for  into

 x ' y 'A  50A cos 30sin 30

 x 'A  25A cos 30sin 30

• Since x’ is negative, it

 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa

The negative signs indicate that

Solving the equation and let  = P, we get

Solution has two roots,  p1, and  p2.

The Eqn gives the maximum/minimum in-plane normal

Maximum in-plane shear stress

Maximum in-plane shear stress

Value calculated in Eqn 9-7 is referred to as the

(a) Maximum in-plane shear stress &

Thus, if 2 =  acts at p2 = 45

Note that the angles are 45

 max   x' y '

This is a tensile stress.

No. Course Outcomes (CO) PO1 PO2 Delivery Assessment methods

Analyse the stress and strain transformation by Examination /

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