Internal Combustion Engines

Engine Cycles
Lecture 1

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Outline
In this lecture we will:
• Define the characteristics of Air Standard
Cycles.
• Review some concepts and principles of
thermodynamic processes.
• Analyse the Air Standard Otto Cycle.

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Air Standard Cycles
• The gas mixture is treated as ideal air
having constant specific heats.
• The cycle is modelled as if it is a closed
cycle.
• Combustion process is replaced with a
heat addition process.
• Exhaust process is replaced with a heat
rejection process.

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Air Standard Cycles
• Actual processes are approximated with ideal
processes:
– Compression and expansion strokes are
assumed to be isentropic (reversible & adiabatic).
– Combustion is assumed to be at constant
volume, constant pressure or mixture of both.
– Intake and exhaust strokes are assumed to take
place at constant pressure (Patm).
– Exhaust blowdown is assumed to take place at
constant volume.

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Specific Heats
• Specific heats ratio:
 = cp / cv
• Air gas constant:
R = cp – cv = 287 J/kg.K

• Specific heats and specific heat ratio are

all functions of the temperature.
 = 1.4 @ atmospheric conditions
 = 1.3 @ 1500 K
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Isentropic Processes
The following relations apply for an
isentropic process:
(P2/P1) = (v1/v2)

(T2/T1) = (v1/v2)-1

w = (P2v2 – P1v1) / (1-)

w = R (T2 – T1) / (1-)

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Air Standard Otto Cycle
• 1-2: Isentropic 3000

3
compression 2500

• 2-3: Constant 2000

volume

Pressure (kPa)
heat addition
1500

• 3-4: Isentropic 1000

2
expansion 500
4
• 4-1: Constant volume 0 1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

heat rejection Volume (cc)

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Air Standard Otto Cycle
• Compression Ratio 3000

3
= V1/V 2 2500

• Displacement Volume
2000

Pressure (kPa)
= V1-V2 1500

1000

• Clearance Volume 2
500
4
= V2 = V3
0 1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Volume (cc)

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Air Standard Otto Cycle
• For the isentropic 3000

compression process 3
1-2: 2500

2000

(T2/T1) = (v1/v2)-1

Pressure (kPa)
1500

T2 = T1 (rc)-1 P2 1000

2
= P1 (rc)  500
4
1
w = R (T2-T1) / (1-)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Volume (cc)

q=0
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Air Standard Otto Cycle
• For the constant 3000

3
volume heat addition 2500

process 2-3:
2000

Pressure (kPa)
Q = m cv (T3-T2) 1500

1000

2
w=0 500
4

0 1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Volume (cc)

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Air Standard Otto Cycle
• For the isentropic 3000

3
expansion process 2500

3-4:
2000

T4 = T3 (1 / rc)-1

Pressure (kPa)
1500

P4 = P3 (1 / rc) 1000

2
500
4
w = R (T4-T3) / (1-)
0 1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

q=0
Volume (cc)

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Air Standard Otto Cycle
• For the constant 3000

3
volume heat rejection 2500

process 4-1:
2000

Pressure (kPa)
Q = m cv (T1-T4) 1500

1000

2
w=0 500
4

0 1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Volume (cc)

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Air Standard Otto Cycle
3000

3
2500
t = w net / qin
2000

Pressure (kPa)
t = 1 – (qout/ qin) 1500

1000

t = 1 – [(T4-T1)/(T3-T2)] 2
500
4

0 1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Volume (cc)

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Air Standard Otto Cycle
But, 3000

3
T2/T1 = T3/T4 = rc -1 2500

So, 2000

Pressure (kPa)
T3/T2 = T4/T1 1500

1000

t = 1 – (T1/ T2) 2
500
4

t = 1 – (1/ rc) -1 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
1
Volume (cc)

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