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    N ASMITA BANDYOPADHYAY 2233645
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    - The term "science" was coined in the 19th century to separate it from philosophy. The earliest school of thought was theology based on faith. - Over time, different schools of thought emerged including rationalism in the 3rd century, empiricism in the 16th century advocated by Francis Bacon, and a combination of rationalism and empiricism by scientists like Galileo and Newton. - In the 18th century, Kant proposed knowledge comes from subjective experience while Comte advocated positivism based on empiricism and experience. Later emerged qualitative and quantitative research in the 20th century with post-positivism emerging that knowledge can only reject false beliefs but not verify truth.

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    - The term "science" was coined in the 19th century to separate it from philosophy. The earliest school of thought was theology based on faith. - Over time, different schools of thought emerged including rationalism in the 3rd century, empiricism in the 16th century advocated by Francis Bacon, and a combination of rationalism and empiricism by scientists like Galileo and Newton. - In the 18th century, Kant proposed knowledge comes from subjective experience while Comte advocated positivism based on empiricism and experience. Later emerged qualitative and quantitative research in the 20th century with post-positivism emerging that knowledge can only reject false beliefs but not verify truth.

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    3 views13 pages

    Philosophy of Research

    Uploaded by

    N ASMITA BANDYOPADHYAY 2233645
    - The term "science" was coined in the 19th century to separate it from philosophy. The earliest school of thought was theology based on faith. - Over time, different schools of thought emerged including rationalism in the 3rd century, empiricism in the 16th century advocated by Francis Bacon, and a combination of rationalism and empiricism by scientists like Galileo and Newton. - In the 18th century, Kant proposed knowledge comes from subjective experience while Comte advocated positivism based on empiricism and experience. Later emerged qualitative and quantitative research in the 20th century with post-positivism emerging that knowledge can only reject false beliefs but not verify truth.

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    Philosophy of Research

    History of Scientific Thought


    • Term ‘Science’ was coined in the 19th
    century
    • Separated from Philosophy
    • Earliest school of thought: Theology-
    Based on faith
    History of Scientific Thought
    • 3rd century: Rationalism- Process of
    using systematic logical reasoning as a
    means of understanding the world
    – Aristotle: Metaphysics- Beyond physical
    existence
    – Ontology: Study of being & existence
    – Universal science: Study of logical principles
    History of Scientific Thought
    • 16th century: Francis Bacon- Knowledge can
    only be derived from observations in the real
    world
    • Knowledge development is an empirical
    activity and not a rational activity
    • Empiricism  Inductive method of scientific
    enquiry  Scientific method/ Baconian
    method
    History of Scientific Thought
    • Middle Ages
    – Rationalism vs Empiricism
    – Rene Descartes: Rationalist
    – John Locke & David Hume: Empiricists
    – Galileo & Newton: Combined rationalism
    and empiricism in studying natural
    principles
    • Emphasized on nature’s relationships being
    mathematical
    History of Scientific Thought
    • 18th century: Immanuel Kant
    – Knowledge is a product of subjective experiences
    – Led to schools of phenomenology, hermeneutics,
    critical social theory
    – Based on Interpretivism
    • Auguste Comte: Positivism
    – Based on empiricism
    – Emphasized confidence in experiences and logic
    History of Scientific Thought
    • 20th century
    – Positivism  Quantitative research
    – Anti-positivism  Qualitative research
    • Later in the 20th century
    – Sir Karl Popper: Knowledge or relationships cannot
    be conclusively proven, but only disproven
    – Post-positivism: “It is impossible to verify the truth
    although it is possible to reject false beliefs”
    Philosophy of Research
    • Ontology: Study of existence
    – What is reality?
    – What exists?
    – What can be observed?
    • Epistemology: Study of knowledge
    – How do we know it exists?
    – How is existence studied?
    – How do we observe phenomena?
    Ontology
    • Concerned with what actually exists in the
    world about which humans can acquire
    knowledge
    • Study of being: Helps understand the Degree of
    truth or reality
    • Realist ontology: Existence of one single reality,
    independent of human experience
    • Relativist ontology: Reality is constructed
    within the human mind, no ‘true’ reality
    Epistemology
    • Concerned with aspects of the validity, scope
    and methods of acquiring knowledge
    • Influences how researchers frame their
    research in their attempts to discover
    knowledge
    • Objectivist epistemology: Reality exists
    outside, independent of the individual mind
    Epistemology
    • Constructionist epistemology: ‘Truth’ arises
    from our engagement with the realities in our
    world; generating contextual understandings
    of a defined topic or problem
    • Subjectivist epistemology: Reality can be
    expressed in a range of symbol and language
    systems; Reveals how an individual’s
    experience shapes their perception of the
    world
    Philosophy of Research

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