HEAT EXCHANGER Final

Air Cooled Heat Exchanger
Presentation on Heat Transfer

HEAT TRANSFER
• We defined heat as the form of energy that

can be transferred from one system to
another as a result of temperature difference.
• Types of heat transfer according to different

mechanisms that lead to heat transfer
• (Conduction, Convection, Radiation)
PPE DEPARTMENT
CONVECTION
• The term convection refers to heat transfer that will
occur between a surface and a moving fluid when
they are at different temperatures.
The rate of convection heat transfer

is expressed by Newton’s law of cooling as:
Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Heat Exchanger is ……
A device that is used to transfer thermal energy

between two or more fluids, between a solid surface
and a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid,
at different temperatures
and in thermal contact.

HEAT EXCHANGERS FUNCTIONS
• Heating / Cooling / Evaporation

• Cooling of lubricants
• Heating of boiler feed water
• Condensing steam for re-use
• Preheating

CLASSIFICATION

Classification on the basis of
Direction of Flow
HEAT EXCHANGERS
COUNTERFLOW PARALLEL FLOW CROSS FLOW HYBRID FLOW

CLASSIFICATION
On the basis of Fluid Type:
• Gas to Gas
• Gas to Liquid (evaporator, condenser)
• Liquid to liquid
On the basis of Flow Pattern:
• Single Pass
• Multi Pass
On the basis of Shape & Geometry:
Shell & Tube
Double Pipe
Plate type

Selection
 High/low pressure limits
 Thermal performance
 Temperature ranges
 Product mix (liquid/liquid, particulates or
high-solids liquid)
 Pressure drops across the exchanger
 Fluid flow capacity
 Cost
 Cleanability, maintenance and repair
 Materials required for construction
 Ability and ease of future expansion

• “An Air Cooled Heat Exchanger (or Air Fin
Cooler) is a device for rejecting heat from a
fluid directly to ambient air”
• The obvious advantage of an AFC is that it
does not require water, which means that
plants requiring large cooling capacities need
not be located near a supply of cooling water.

• Air-cooled heat exchangers (ACHEs), sometimes called air

coolers, are used in refineries, petro-chemical plants, gas
treating plants, compressor stations, power plants, and other
facilities. ACHEs are used for process cooling and/or
condensing. There are thousands of these exchangers in use
today, cooling and/or condensing everything from engine
jacket water to process steam to highly viscous tar. Often,
these processes are critical to the operation of the plant. An
ACHE outage will trigger the plant to shut down or operate at
reduced capacity, which may cause significant loss of revenue.



The operating principle of an ACHE
• The operating principle of an ACHE is
straightforward. Hot process fluid enters one end of
the ACHE and flows through tubes, while ambient air
flows over and between the tubes, which typically
have externally finned surfaces.
• The process heat is transferred to the air, which cools
the process fluid, and the heated air is discharged
into the atmosphere. While this is a fundamentally
simple concept, maintaining optimum ACHE
performance takes diligence
SIZE OF ACHE
• The sizes of these units vary widely, from the very small (e.g.,
a car or truck radiator) to the very large (e.g., an A-frame
vacuum steam condenser). Therefore, optimization of existing
ACHEs can take several approaches.

Types of ACHEs
• There are two basic types of ACHEs found in petrochemical
plants:
• forced draft — the fan is located below the process bundle and air is
forced through the tubes
• induced draft — the fan is located above

the process bundle and air is pulled or
Induced through the tubes

Air Cooled Heat Exchanger-Component
An AFC consists of the following components:

• One or more bundles of heat transfer surface.
• An air-moving device, such as a fan or stack.
• Unless it is natural draft, a driver and power
transmission to mechanically rotate the fan.

Air Cooled Heat Exchanger-Component
• A support structure high enough to allow air to

enter beneath the AFC at a reasonable rate.
• Optional header and fan maintenance walkways
with ladders.
• Optional louvers for process outlet temperature
control.
• Optional variable pitch fan hub for temperature
control and power savings.


What are Air Cooler Headers?
• Headers of air coolers are the boxes at the
ends of the tubes which distribute the fluid
from the piping to the tubes. The cover plate
header design shall permit the removal of the
cover without disturbing header piping
connections.

Performance of ACHE
• The reliability and thermal performance of any ACHE depends on how well
its mechanical components are maintained. Figure 5 shows a typical ACHE
mechanical drive layout. The components of ACHEs are fairly common;
typically each bay has one, two, or three electric-motor-driven fans. Most
have a speed reducer consisting of either a belt drive (e.g., V-belt or cog
belt) or a right-angle gear drive.

Performance of ACHE
• A belt-drive system has four bearings that need to be
lubricated — two motor bearings and two fan bearings for
each fan. These are typically tubed to a common location
somewhere on the drive assembly so they can be lubricated
while the exchanger is running. Manufacturers usually
recommend that you grease the bearings once a month if the
coolers are in continuous operation. Right-angle gear drives
should be lubricated according to the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
• Check belt tension on a regular basis, usually every six weeks
at a minimum for ACHEs that are in continuous service.

Advantages:
• Air Piping system is not required
• Larger limit of air supply volume
• No fouling/scaling outside the tubes
• More economical
• Easy maintenance
• No possibility of contamination of or from process flow
• In case of electrical malfunction, 30%- 40% cooling is
done by Natural Draft
Disadvantages:
• Cooling level is limited by ambient temperature
• More electrical equipment needed
• Higher Initial Costs
• Leakage is more dangerous (Fire hazard)
• More sensitive to rains

WORKING OF TUBULAR TYPE EXCHANGER

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
• A Shell and tube heat

exchanger is the most
common type of heat
exchanger used in oil
refineries and other large
chemical process plants. As
its name implies, this type
of heat exchanger consists
of a shell (a large vessel)
with a bundle of tubes
inside it.
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

TYPES OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER



TUBE LAYOUT PATTERNS
 TRIANGULAR
 Accommodates more tubes
 Produces high Turbulence
 Limited to Clean Shell side Services
 SQUARE
 Where cleaning is required
 It produces low turbulence
 Accommodates low No of tubes

HEAT EXCHANGER
COMPONENTS
Channel partition plates.
• For exchangers with multiple tube passes,
the channels are fitted with flat metal plates
which divide the head into separate
compartments.
Shell baffles. -Use
• Shell cross baffles support the tubes at
intervals
– Prevent sag and vibration.
– Force the shell side fluid back and forth
across the bundle.
• Type:Segmental single cut baffles are the
most common

Shell baffles. -Type
• Longitudinal Flow Baffles (used in a two-

pass shell)
• Impingement Baffles (used for
protecting bundle when entrance
velocity is high)
• Orifice Baffles
• Single segmental
• Double segmental
• Disk and doughnut baffles

HEAT EXCHANGER
COMPONENTS
Tie rods.
• Tie rods are circular metal rods screwed into the stationary tube sheet and
secured at the farthest baffle by lock nuts.
• Tie rods and spacers hold the tube bundle together in the correct position.
• The No of tie rods depends on shell diameter as specified by TEMA.
Shell barrel.
• TEMA specifies minimum barrel thicknesses depending on diameter,
material and class.
• Most barrels larger than 450 mm internal diameter are fabricated from
rolled and welded plate.
• The shell barrel must be straight and true as a tightly fitting tube bundle
must be inserted.

Front Head Type
A-Type B-Type C-Type

Shell type
E-Type F-Type
J-Type K-Type
Rear End Head Types
M-Type S-Type T-Type

Fixed Tubesheet Floating Head Pull-Through
Floating Head

Components
Tube Shell
fluid in fluid out
Tube Shell-fluid Shell

fluid out nozzle fluid in
1-Channel cover 9-Baffles

2-Stationary head channel 10-Floating head backing device
3-Channel flange 11-Floating tube sheet
4-Pass partition plate 12-Floating head
5- Tube sheet 13-Floating head flange
6-Shell flange 14-Stationary head bonnet
7-Tube 15-Heat exchanger support
8-Shell 16-Shell expansion joint
HEAT EXCHANGER
COMPONENTS
Tube sheets.
• Normally 100 mm thick plate is used for Tube sheets.
• Forged discs & Clad plate used for thicker tube sheets for high
integrity service.
• Tube to tube sheet joint is commonly done Expansion of tube
ends.
• explosive expansion can also be employed for tube to tube sheet
joints.
• Tube to tube sheet joint can be welded.

Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger Application
• Cooling of hydraulic fluid.

• Cooling of engine oils.
• Cool or heat swimming pool water or charged
air.

Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
• It is also known as concentric tube heat exchanger
• In this heat exchanger the fluid to be cooled or heated
passes through the tube 2(green) and the other fluid is
passed through tube 1 (red)to absorb or release the heat.
• Advantages: Cheap for both design and maintenance.
• Disadvantages: Low efficiency and requires large space.

Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

Double pipe heat exchanger
• Heat recovery
• Pre-heating
• Effluent cooling

TEMA
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

Plate Heat Exchanger
• It is composed of multiple, thin, slightly separated plates that have
very large surface areas and fluid flow passages for heat transfer.
• The plates are often spaced by rubber sealing gaskets which are
cemented into a section around the edge of the plates. The plates
are pressed to form troughs at right angles to the direction of flow
of the liquid which runs through the channels in the heat exchanger.
These troughs are arranged so that they interlink with the other
plates which forms the channel with gaps of 1.3–1.5 mm between
the plates.

PLATE TYPE HEAT EXCHANGER

PLATE TYPE HEAT EXCHANGER

WORKING OF PLATE TYPE HEAT
EXCHANGER

COMPARISON OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
PLATE TYPE TUBULAR TYPE

• Corrugated plates mounted • SS or CS Tubes in side a SS or
and fasten together. CS Shell or other tubular
• Used for low temperature arrangement.
and pressure. • Used for high temperature
• Larger surface area. and pressure.
• Handles Non contaminated • Low surface area.
fluids. • Suitable for handling
• Cooling media can be any contaminated fluids.
non corrosive fluid • Cooling media can be any
fluid
Spiral Heat Exchanger
• A spiral heat exchanger (SHE), may refer to
a helical (coiled) tube configuration
• Efficient use of space.
• They can be easily cleaned.
• A Spiral Heat Exchangers (or SHE) is a coiled tube
arrangement, with two channels coiled one around
the another. These two channels operate in a
counter-flow arrangement, offering excellent turn
down ratios, while optimizing flow patterns which in
turn, enhance heat transfer.
Spiral Heat Exchanger

Spiral Heat Exchanger Application
• Pasteurization
• Recuperates (Exhaust and Air Handling Systems)
• Sludge Treatment (Thermal depolymerisation)

Special Type
• Packinox: • Texas tower
• Welded plat type • Vertical shell and tube
• Use for clean service heat exchanger
• Give high heat transfer
co-efficient
• Required special
attention
• Costly

MAINTENANCE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
Five major steps are involved in cleaning a

small exchanger in shop:
1) Disassembly
2) Cleaning, Testing for Leaks
3) inspection & repair
4) Reassembly
5) Final Testing

MAINTENANCE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
Testing for Leaky Tubes:

• For detection of leaky tubes, exchanger is isolated & head cover is
removed to expose the tube sheet.
• Generally, shell is filled with water & test pressure is applied for a
certain time. In case of leakage, pressure drops & water comes out
through leaky tubes.
• Plugs are inserted in leaky tubes and welded.
• Plugging of 10% tubes is allowable.
• After plugging, exchanger is again pressure tested.

CLEANING OF EXCHANGER
• Mechanical Cleaning
– Shell side (water jetting / Manual Scrapping)
– Tube side (Water jetting)
• Scale Cutters / brushes
• Lances for tube cleaning
• Chemical Cleaning
– Carbon Tetra Chloride is used to dissolve scales
which can not be scrapped Mechanically

PROBLEMS IN HEAT EXCHANGERS
1.FOULING
“ Formation of scale on the heat transfer surfaces in the heat
exchanger is called FOULLING “
EFFECTS:
• Reduction in heat transfer.
• Reduction in volume flow.
• Decrease in efficiency of exchanger.
• Increase in differential pressure
SOLUTION:
• Chemical injection
• Exchanger cleaning- Hydrojetting, Steaming, chemical washing

2.Tube Leaks
EFFECTS:
• Reduction in heat transfer.
• Contamination in product
SOLUTION:
• Tube replacement or Tube plugging

3.Corrosion
EFFECTS:
• Thickness Reduction of tubes and shell
• Tube choking
• Increase in differential pressure
SOLUTION:
• Tube replacement
• Surface coating

4.Thermal Shock
EFFECTS:
• Tube Sheet flange leak
• Tube leak
• Damage in expansion bellows
SOLUTION:
• Follow up SOPs

TESTING METHODS
• HYDROTEST
– Water is used as testing media.
– Test pressure is 1.5 times design pressure.
• PNEUMATIC
– Air is used as a testing media.
– Test pressure is 1.25 times design pressure.
• GAS TEST
– Any gas other then Air is used e.g. Nitrogen.
Things to be monitored….
• Inlet and outlet temperature of hot and cold fluid
• Fluid velocity
• Approach temperature
• LMTD (log mean temperature deference)
• Differential Pressure
• External leakages
• Visual inspection for uneven expansion and
abnormal sound

THANKS

HEAT EXCHANGER Final

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Air Cooled Heat Exchanger

Presentation on Heat Transfer

• We defined heat as the form of energy that

• Types of heat transfer according to different

The rate of convection heat transfer

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

A device that is used to transfer thermal energy

Presentation on Heat Transfer

• Heating / Cooling / Evaporation

Presentation on Heat Transfer

Presentation on Heat Transfer

COUNTERFLOW PARALLEL FLOW CROSS FLOW HYBRID FLOW

Presentation on Heat Transfer

Presentation on Heat Transfer

Presentation on Heat Transfer

Presentation on Heat Transfer

• Air-cooled heat exchangers (ACHEs), sometimes called air

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Transfer

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

• induced draft — the fan is located above

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

An AFC consists of the following components:

transmission to mechanically rotate the fan.

Presentation on Heat Transfer

• A support structure high enough to allow air to

Presentation on Heat Transfer

Presentation on Heat Transfer

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Transfer

Presentation on Heat Transfer

• A Shell and tube heat

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

• Longitudinal Flow Baffles (used in a two-

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

A-Type B-Type C-Type

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

M-Type S-Type T-Type

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Tube Shell-fluid Shell

1-Channel cover 9-Baffles

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

• Cooling of hydraulic fluid.

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers

Presentation on Heat Exchangers