 Four groups of 4 people, two groups of 3 people

 You can choose your own group members – perhaps the seating arrangement is a
good place to start
 Each group will give a 25-minute presentation on the anatomy of an animal of your
choosing that covers the:
 Integumentary system
 Skeletal system
Group project 

Muscular system
Nervous system
instructions  Every member of your group must speak in the presentation!
 You have creative liberty over how you want to present the information, as long as it
is 25 minutes and covers the required systems
 Group presentations are on November 29th so please plan accordingly
 By next class: email me with the name of your group members and the animal
you chose (so I can ensure there are no duplicates or animals that are too
similar)
The Muscular System
Chapter 11
  Understand the physical lever systems of muscles in the body
Learning
 Identify the muscles of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet (appendicular
objectives skeleton-related)
  Most skeletal muscles move using leverage
 Components of lever system
 Lever: rigid bar (bone) that moves on a fixed point called fulcrum (joint)
Lever systems of  Effort: force (supplied by muscle contraction) applied to lever to move resistance (load)

muscles, joints  Load: resistance (bone + tissues + any added weight) moved by the effort

 Levers allow given effort to move heavier load or to move load farther or faster
and bones  Depends on fulcrum position relative to load and effort

 Three classes of levers are based on relative position of effort, fulcrum, load
 For power levers, the effort (applied
force) is further from the fulcrum than
the load is. This results in a mechanical
advantage (so you can lift that rock).
Effort

Load

 Mechanical advantage (power

lever): load is close to fulcrum,
Power levers with effort far from fulcrum
 Small effort can move large
load Fulcrum

Effort

Fulcrum

Load
 For speed levers, the effort (applied force) is
closer to the fulcrum than the load is. This results
in a mechanical disadvantage, but an increase
in speed (that will send the acrobat flying).

Effort
 Mechanical disadvantage (speed Fulcrum
lever): load is far from fulcrum,
Speed levers with effort close to fulcrum Load
 Load moved rapidly over large
distance; offers wider range of
motion

Effort

Fulcrum

Load
 (a) First-class lever

• Arrangement of the elements is (a) First-class lever

load-fulcrum-effort
• Depending on fulcrum location,
can be mechanical advantage or
disadvantage

 First-class lever Load Effort

 Fulcrum is between load and L

effort
First-class lever  Example: seesaw, scissors Fulcrum Fulcrum

 In the body: raising your head

up away from your chest Load Effort
Load

In the body: A first-class lever system

raises your head off your chest. The
L
posterior neck muscles provide the effort,
the atlanto-occipital joint is the fulcrum,
and the weight to be lifted is the facial
skeleton.
Effort
Fulcrum
 (b) Second-class lever

• Arrangement of the elements is

fulcrum-load-effort
• Mechanical advantage (ideal
for small, powerful movements) (b) Second-class lever

Load

L Effort

 Second-class lever
Second-class  Load is between fulcrum and effort Fulcrum Effort

 Example: wheelbarrow
lever  In the body: standing on toes Load
Load
Fulcrum

L In the body: Second-class leverage is

exerted when you stand on tip-toe. The
Effort effort is exerted by the calf muscles
pulling upward on the heel; the joints of
the ball of the foot are the fulcrum; and
the weight of the body is the load.
Fulcrum

Example: wheelbarrow
 (c) Third-class lever

• Arrangement of the elements is

load-effort-fulcrum
• Mechanical disadvantage (ideal (c) Third-class lever
for fast, large movements)

Load
 Third-class lever
Effort

Effort
L
 Effort is applied between
fulcrum and load
Third-class lever  Example: tweezers, forceps
Fulcrum

 In the body: most skeletal Load

muscles Fulcrum
Load
In the body: Flexing the forearm by the
L biceps brachii muscle exemplifies
third-class leverage. The effort is exerted
on the proximal radius of the forearm, the
fulcrum is the elbow joint, and the load is
Fulcrum
the hand and distal end of the forearm.
Effort

Example: tweezers or forceps

  Most are extrinsic shoulder muscles
Muscles of the  Act in combination to fix shoulder girdle (mostly scapula); move it to increase
range of arm movements
anterior &  Actions: elevation, depression, rotation, lateral and medial movements,
protraction, and retraction
posterior  Two groups of muscles
thorax/chest  Muscles of the anterior thorax
 Muscles of the posterior thorax
 Sternocleidomastoid
Subclavius

Clavicle

Subscapularis
Deltoid

Pectoralis minor

Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis

Sternum
Serratus anterior

Biceps brachii
Humerus

Anterior thorax muscles

 Levator
scapulae

Trapezius Supraspinatus

Clavicle
Deltoid

Spine of
scapula
Rhomboid
minor Infraspinatus

Rhomboid Teres minor

major
Teres
major

Humerus

Latissimus
dorsi

Posterior thorax muscles

  Nine muscles cross shoulder joint
 Insert on and move humerus
 Some originate from scapula, others from axial skeleton
 Actions include flexion, extension, adduction
 Three prime movers of arm
Muscles of the  Pectoralis major
shoulder that  Latissimus dorsi
 Deltoid
produce arm  Rotator cuff muscles act as synergists and fixators; originate on scapula; reinforce
movements shoulder capsule; prevent dislocation
 Supraspinatus
 Infraspinatus
 Teres minor
 Subscapularis
 Coracobrachialis and teres major: synergists
 Clavicle

Deltoid

Sternum
Pectoralis
major

Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii:
Lateral head
Long head
Medial head
Biceps brachii

Brachialis
Brachio-
radialis

Anterior shoulder muscles

 Clavicle

Deltoid

Sternum
Pectoralis
major

Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii:
Lateral head
Long head
Medial head
Biceps brachii

Brachialis
Brachio-
radialis

Anterior upper arm muscles

 O O

Long head
Biceps
brachii Short head

O
Subscapularis*

O Coracobrachialis

I
Brachialis

Anterior upper arm muscles

 Supraspinatus*

Spine of scapula
Deltoid (cut)
Greater tubercle
of humerus
Infraspinatus*

Teres minor*

Teres major

Triceps brachii:
Lateral head
Long head

Latissimus dorsi

Humerus
Olecranon
of ulna

Anconeus

Posterior shoulder muscles

 Supraspinatus*

Spine of scapula
Deltoid (cut)
Greater tubercle
of humerus
Infraspinatus*

Teres minor*

Teres major

Triceps brachii:
Lateral head
Long head

Latissimus dorsi

Humerus
Olecranon
of ulna

Anconeus

Posterior upper arm muscles

  Divided into anterior and posterior muscles
 Most anterior muscles are flexors; insert via flexor retinaculum
 Most posterior muscles are extensors; insert via extensor retinaculum

 Further divided into superficial and deep muscles

 Actions: movements of wrist, fingers, thumb, as well as pronation and supination of
Muscles of the forearm
 Pronator teres and pronator quadratus pronate forearm
forearm that  Supinator: synergist with biceps brachii in forearm supination
produce wrist  Anterior muscles
and hand  Consist of five superficial and three deep muscles
 Most arise from common flexor tendon attached to medial epicondyle of humerus
movements  Most tendons of insertion held in place at wrist by flexor retinaculum

 Posterior muscles
 Consists of four superficial and four deep muscles
 All are innervated by the radial nerve or its branches
 Most arise from common flexor tendon attached to lateral epicondyle of humerus
 Most tendons of insertion held in place at wrist by extensor retinaculum
 Superficial
transverse
ligament of palm

Palmar
aponeurosis

Flexor
retinaculum

Pronator
quadratus

Flexor digitorum
superficialis Flexor pollicis
longus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor carpi
Palmaris longus radialis longus
Flexor carpi Brachio-
radialis radialis

Pronator
teres
Tendon of
Medial epicondyle biceps brachii
of humerus

Medial head of Biceps brachii

triceps brachii
(a)

Anterior forearm muscles

 Tendon of
flexor
digitorum
superficialis

Tendon of
brachioradialis
(cut)

Tendon of flexor
carpi ulnaris (cut)
Pronator
quadratus
Tendon of flexor
carpi radialis (cut)
Flexor pollicis
longus

Flexor
digitorum
superficialis

Extensor carpi
radialis longus

Supinator

Tendon of biceps
brachii (cut)

(b)

Anterior forearm muscles

 Tendon of Tendon of flexor
flexor digitorum digitorum superficialis
profundus (cut)
Lumbricals

Tendon of flexor
pollicis longus

Thenar muscles
of thumb

Tendon of flexor
carpi ulnaris (cut)
Pronator quadratus

Flexor pollicis
longus

Flexor digitorum
profundus

Supinator

(c)

Anterior forearm muscles

 Extensor expansion

Tendons of Tendons of extensor

extensor carpi radialis brevis
digitorum and longus
Extensor pollicis
longus Extensor indicis

Extensor pollicis
Extensor digiti minimi
brevis

Abductor Extensor carpi

pollicis longus ulnaris

Extensor digitorum
Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Anconeus

Insertion of
Extensor carpi triceps brachii
radialis longus

Brachioradialis

Posterior forearm muscles

 Interossei

Extensor indicis

Extensor pollicis
brevis

Extensor pollicis
longus

Abductor pollicis
longus

Supinator

Anconeus

Olecranon of ulna

Posterior forearm muscles

Summary of arm
and forearm
muscles
  Small, weak muscles that lie entirely within palm of hand control precise
movements of metacarpals and fingers (example: threading a needle)
 Abductors and adductors of fingers produce opposition—move thumb toward little
finger
 Flexion: thumb bends medially along palm, and fingers bend anteriorly
 Extension: thumb points laterally, and fingers move posteriorly
 Three muscle groups
 Thenar eminence (ball of thumb)
Muscles of the  Hypothenar eminence (ball of the little finger)
hand that move  Each of above groups has flexor, abductor, and opponens muscle
 Midpalmar muscles: lumbricals and interossei extend fingers
the fingers  Interossei muscles also abduct and adduct fingers
 Tendons of:

Flexor digitorum
profundus
Flexor digitorum Fibrous sheath
superficialis
Second lumbrical

Dorsal interossei
Third
lumbrical First lumbrical

Fourth Adductor pollicis

lumbrical
Flexor pollicis
brevis
Opponens
digiti minimi
Abductor
pollicis
Flexor digiti brevis
minimi brevis
Opponens
pollicis
Abductor
digiti minimi Flexor
retinaculum
Pisiform bone
Abductor
pollicis longus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris tendon
Tendons of:
Flexor digitorum Palmaris longus
superficialis Flexor carpi radialis
tendons
Flexor pollicis longus

Anterior/ventral hand muscles

 Flexor digitorum
profundus tendon

Flexor
digitorum
superficialis
tendon

Dorsal
interossei

Palmar Adduct
interossei or
pollicis
Opponens Flexor
digiti minimi pollicis
brevis
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
(cut) Abductor
pollicis
brevis
Abductor
digiti minimi
(cut)
Opponens
pollicis

Flexor pollicis
longus tendon

Anterior/ventral hand muscles

 Palmar
Dorsal
interossei
interossei

Anterior/ventral hand muscles

  Grouped according to anterior, medial, or posterior
 Most anterior muscles flex femur at hip, extend leg at knee (foreswing of walking)
 Most posterior muscles extend thigh, flex leg (backswing of walking)
 Medial muscles all adduct thigh
 All three groups enclosed by fascia lata
Muscles of the  Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation
hip and knee  Thigh flexors pass in front of hip joint
joints 

Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major): prime mover of flexion
Tensor fasciae latae
 Rectus femoris
 Assisted by medial adductors and sartorius
 Thigh extensors
 Hamstring muscles: prime movers of extension
Anterior hip & upper leg muscles
Anterior hip & upper leg muscles
Anterior hip & upper leg muscles
Posterior hip & upper leg muscles
Posterior hip & upper leg muscles
Posterior hip rotator muscles
  Various leg muscles produce the following movements
 Ankle: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
 Intertarsal joints: inversion and eversion of the foot
 Toes: flexion and extension

 Muscles of anterior compartment

 Primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexors
 Tibialis anterior
 Extensor digitorum longus
Muscles of the  Fibularis tertius (not always present)

lower leg that Extensor hallucis longus

 Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

move the ankles  Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot; stabilize lateral ankle and lateral longitudinal arch of
foot
& toes  Fibularis longus
 Fibularis brevis

 Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

 Act to plantar flex the ankle
 All are innervated by tibial nerve
 Divided into:
 Superficial muscles
 Deep muscles
Anterior lower leg muscles
 O

Tibialis
anterior

O = origin
I I = insertion

Anterior lower leg muscles

 O

Extensor
hallucis
longus

Fibularis
tertius

I
O = origin
I = insertion
I

Anterior lower leg muscles

 O

Extensor
digitorum
longus

O = origin
I = insertion

Anterior lower leg muscles

Lateral lower leg muscles
 Patella

Head of fibula

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Fibularis
longus
Extensor
digitorum
longus
Tibialis
anterior

Extensor hallucis
Fibularis longus
brevis Fibularis tertius
Superior and inferior
Flexor extensor retinacula
hallucis Extensor hallucis
longus brevis
Fibular Extensor digitorum
retinaculum brevis

Lateral
malleolus

(a)
Metatarsal V

Lateral lower leg muscles

Posterior lower leg muscles
Posterior lower leg muscles
 O O = origin
I = insertion

Tibialis
posterior

Posterior lower leg muscles

 O

Flexor
digitorum
longus

Posterior lower leg muscles

 O

Popliteus
I

Flexor O
hallucis
longus

Posterior lower leg muscles

  Muscles that flex, extend, abduct, and adduct toes
 Support arches of foot; some leg tendons assist
Muscles of the
 Extensor digitorum brevis: dorsal foot muscle; helps extend toes
foot that move  Four layers of plantar muscles
the toes and  Superficial

support the arch 


Second layer
Third layer
 Deepest layer
Muscles of the feet
Muscles of the feet
Muscles of the feet
Muscles of the feet
Muscles of the feet
  Monday – 1st dissection lab (rat)
 There is no way to make up the dissection labs! They are worth as much as an
entire exam. If you have an extenuating circumstance let me know ASAP
otherwise I cannot help you  even if you wake up at 9AM next Monday just
Be present for come to class!!!

class next week!

 Wednesday - Exam #3
 Similar to 2nd exam, will be a written portion & lab practical portion
 I know it feels like a lot, but it’s better than the alternative…
  Really goofy but helpful song:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tZhtJXqF1A
 After you watch this one the algorithm will suggest a bunch of others to you that might also be helpful

 Your muscles are made for movement – so move around and feel the muscles in your own body as
you study!
 Break the muscular system down into smaller, more digestible chunks and focus on studying one
chunk at a time:
 Face/head
 Neck
Muscular system  Chest/breathing

study tips! 
Abdomen/tummy
Pubic
 Shoulder
 Upper arm
 Forearm
 Hand
 Hip
 Upper leg/thigh
 Lower leg/calf
 Feet
 START STUDYING NOW!
Break before lab