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    Physiology of Hearing & Balance

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    ismailmazhar9988
    This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the auditory and vestibular systems. It describes the key structures of the inner ear including the organ of Corti and hair cells involved in hearing. It explains the conductive mechanisms of the outer, middle and inner ear that allow sound transmission. It also outlines the vestibular system including the semicircular canals and otolith organs that detect head movement and their roles in balance and eye coordination. Finally, it discusses how sensory information from both systems is integrated in the central nervous system.

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    Physiology of Hearing & Balance

    Uploaded by

    ismailmazhar9988
    16 views9 pages
    This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the auditory and vestibular systems. It describes the key structures of the inner ear including the organ of Corti and hair cells involved in hearing. It explains the conductive mechanisms of the outer, middle and inner ear that allow sound transmission. It also outlines the vestibular system including the semicircular canals and otolith organs that detect head movement and their roles in balance and eye coordination. Finally, it discusses how sensory information from both systems is integrated in the central nervous system.

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    This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the auditory and vestibular systems. It describes the key structures of the inner ear including the organ of Corti and hair cells involved in hearing. It explains the conductive mechanisms of the outer, middle and inner ear that allow sound transmission. It also outlines the vestibular system including the semicircular canals and otolith organs that detect head movement and their roles in balance and eye coordination. Finally, it discusses how sensory information from both systems is integrated in the central nervous system.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    16 views9 pages

    Physiology of Hearing & Balance

    Uploaded by

    ismailmazhar9988
    This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the auditory and vestibular systems. It describes the key structures of the inner ear including the organ of Corti and hair cells involved in hearing. It explains the conductive mechanisms of the outer, middle and inner ear that allow sound transmission. It also outlines the vestibular system including the semicircular canals and otolith organs that detect head movement and their roles in balance and eye coordination. Finally, it discusses how sensory information from both systems is integrated in the central nervous system.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9

    Physiology of Hearing &

    Balance
    Brig Attique Ahmed
    CMH Lahore
    Auditory System
    • Organ of Corti: sense organ of hearing
    • Tunnel of Corti
    • Hair Cells: inner and outer hair cells
    • Supporting cells
    • Tectorial membrane
    • Nerve supply
    • Auditory pathways
    Mechanism of
    Hearing
    1. Conductive apparatus:
    a. Impedence matching/Transformer action. Handle of malleus
    1.3 times larger than long process incus. Stapes footplate
    ratio with tympanic membrane 14:1. product of areal ratio
    and lever action is 18:1
    b. Phase differential between oval/round window – 4 dB
    c. Natural resonance of external and middle ear between 500-
    3000 Hz corresponding to normal speech frequencies
    2. Sensory system of cochlea:
    d. Travelling wave theory of Von Bekesy
    3. Neural pathways:
    e. Hair cells innervated by bipolar cells of spiral ganglion –
    collect to form cochlear N – Dorsal and Ventral Cochlear
    nuclei
    Vestibular system
    1. Peripheral receptors
    a. Cristae: ampullated ends of three semicircular canals and respond to angular acceleration
    b. Maculae: in Otolith organs (Utricle & saccule) for horizontal and linear head movement
    2. Vestibular Nerve
    a. Vestibular/Scarpa ganglion lateral part of IAM consisting of bipolar cells – distal processes innervate sensory epithelium and
    central processes aggregate to form vestibular N.
    3. Central Vestibular connections
    a. Vest N – Vest Nuclei (sup, med, lat, descending)
    b. Afferents to vest nuclei: peripheral vest receptors, cerebellum, ret formation, spinal cord, cont vest nuclei
    c. Efferents: nuclei of 3,4 & 6 Ns, motor part of spinal cord, cerebellum, autonomic nervous system, cont vest nuclei, cerebral
    cortex
    Physiology of vest
    system
    Peripheral: membranous labyrinth (semicircular canals,
    utricle, saccule) & Vest N
    Central: nuclei and fiber tracts in CNS for integration
    1. Semicircular canals: angular acceleration/deceleration.
    3 canals at right angles (horizontal – horizontal
    nystagmus) (sup canal – rotatory nystagmus) (post
    canal – vertical nystagmus). Flow of endolymph
    displaces cupula (ampullopetal or ampullofugal)
    2. Utricle & saccule: Stimulated by linear and horizontal
    motion.
    3. Information sent to CNS, integrated with visual,
    auditory, somatosensory and cerebellar impulses.
    Thank you

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