CENTRAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM
Presented by: VICENCIO, JHEZEL L.
Central Nervous System
o The central nervous system is
made up of the brain and spinal BRAIN
cord.
o Both the brain and the spinal cord
are protected by bone: the brain
by the bones of the skull, and the SPINAL CHORD

spinal cord by vertebrae , a set of

.
ring-shaped bones. They're both
cushioned by layers of
membranes.
Functional
Anatomy Of
the Brain
➔
THE BRAIN

 The brain is the largest

and most complex mass
of nervous tissue in the
body.
 It is the center of
consciousness and also
controls all voluntary and
involuntary movement and
bodily functions.
Developing and Adult Human Brain
MAIN REGIONS OF THE BRAIN

Cerebral Hemisphere

Diencephalon

Brain Stem

Cerebellum
1
Cerebral Hemisphere
Left Cerebral Hemisphere
• It controls speech,
comprehension, arithmetic,
and writing.

Right Cerebral Hemisphere

• It controls creativity, spatial
ability, artistic, and musical
skills
 The Cerebrum
 Responsible for the higher-level
processes of the human brain,
including language, memory,
reasoning, thought, learning,
decision-making, emotion,
intelligence and personality.
 The cortex has four areas called
lobes that work together to create
a person's personality and
everything they know. Each lobe
processes a different kind of
information.
 The LOBES
Frontal Lobe: Pariental Lobe:
• It is involved in complex • It processes information
thinking, like planning, about touch, taste, and
imagining, making temperature.
decisions, and reasoning. • It's behind the frontal lobe
• It's located behind the
forehead. Occipital Lobe:
• It processes light and other
Temporal Lobe: visual information from the
• It is to let us understand eyes, letting us know what
sounds and language, we're seeing.
recognize objects and faces, • It's in the rear part of the brain.
and create memories.
• It’s near the ears.
BOUNDERIES OF THE LOBE
Central Sulcus
It is a noticeable
feature of the brain that
divides the primary motor
cortex from the primary
somatosensory cortex
and the parietal lobe from
the frontal lobe.
BOUNDERIES OF THE LOBE
Lateral Sulcus
Divides both the
frontal lobe and parietal
lobe above from the
temporal lobe below.
BOUNDERIES OF THE LOBE
Parieto-Occipital Sulcus
Divides the internal
occipital lobe from the
parietal and internal
temporal lobes
Major Structural Area
2
Diencephalon

Acts as a primary
relay and processing
center for sensory
information and
autonomic control.
Major Structures of the Diencephalon

Thalamus
Relays impulses to
cerebral cortex sensory
areas and produces the
emotions of pleasantness
or unpleasantness
associated with
sensations.
Major Structures of the Diencephalon

Hypothalamus
Makes up the floor of the
diencephalon. It is an important
autonomic center because it plays
a role in regulating body
temperature, water balance, and
metabolism.
Hypothalamus
Limbic System
• Emotional-visceral brain.
Pituitary Gland
• Regulates growth,
metabolism, and
reproduction through the
hormones that it produces.
Mamillary Bodies
• Recollective memory
Major Structures of the Diencephalon

Epithalamus
Is involved in the production
of the hormone melatonin, which is
responsible for the body's circadian
rhythm
 Important part of Epithalamus
Pineal Gland
• To receive information about the state
of the light-dark cycle from the
environment and convey this
information by the production and
secretion of the hormone melatonin.
Choroid Plexuses
• They ensure continuous production of
CSF to provide nutrients, remove waste
products and provide a mechanical
buffer to protect the brain.
3
Brain Stem

It is responsible
for many vital
functions of life, such
as breathing,
consciousness, blood
pressure, heart rate,
and sleep.
Structures of Brain Stem

Midbrain
• A relatively small part of the
brain stem, the midbrain extends
from the mammillary bodies to
the pons inferiorly.
• It regulates eye movement and
pupil dilation
Structures of Brain Stem

Pons
• It also relays and regulates the
signals that give you the sensation
of pain from anywhere in your
body below your neck.
• It has an important nuclei
involved in the control of
breathing.
Structures of Brain Stem

Medulla Oblongata
• It is the most inferior part of the
brain stem. It merges into the
spinal cord below with out any
obvious change in structure.
• It contains centers that control
heart rate, blood pressure,
breathing, swallowing, and
vomiting among others.
4
Cerebellum
The large, cauliflower-
like cerebellum projects
dorsally from under the
occipital lobe of the
cerebrum. The cerebellum
provides the precise timing
for skeletal muscle activity
and controls our balance.
Protection of
the Central Ner-
vous System
Three Additional Protection for CNS

Meninges

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Blood-Brain Barrier
Mininges
Protect your
CNS (central nervous
system) from trauma
injury to your brain,
such as a blow to your
head by acting as a
shock absorber. They
anchor your CNS and
keep your brain from
moving around within
your skull.
.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
When an
individual suffers a
head injury, the fluid
acts as a cushion,
dulling the force by
distributing its
impact. The fluid
helps to maintain
pressure within the
cranium at a
constant level.
Blood-Brain Barrier
Shields the
brain from toxic
substances in the
blood, supplies brain
tissues with
nutrients, and filters
harmful compounds
from the brain back
to the bloodstream.
Brain Disfunction
Traumatic Brain Injury Cerebrovascular Accidents

A traumatic CVAs occur

brain injury, or TBI, when blood circulation
is an injury that to a brain area is
affects how the brain blocked, as by a blood
works. clot or a ruptured
blood vessel, and vital
brain tissue dies.
The Terible Three Brain Disease

Alzheimer’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease

Huntington’s Disease
 Alzheimer’s Desease
The most common type
of dementia. It is a
progressive disease
beginning with mild
memory loss and possibly
leading to loss of the ability
to carry on a conversation
and respond to the
environment.
Parkinson’s Desease

A brain disorder
that causes unintended
or uncontrollable
movements, such as
shaking, stiffness, and
difficulty with balance
and coordination.
 Huntington’s Desease
An inherited disorder
that causes nerve cells
(neurons) in parts of the
brain to gradually break
down and die. The disease
attacks areas of the brain
that help to control
voluntary (intentional)
movement
 THE SPINAL CORD

 It connects your brain to your

lower back. Your spinal cord
carries nerve signals from
your brain to your body and
vice versa. These nerve
signals help you feel
sensations and move your
body.
 Gray matter of Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
• Shaped like a butterfly
and consists of cell
bodies of interneurons
and motor neurons, as
well as neuroglia cells
and unmyelinated axons.
• Enables individuals to
control movement,
memory, and emotions
 White Matter of the Spinal Cord

• Composed of bundles of axons.

These axons are coated with
myelin, a mixture of proteins
and lipids, that helps conduct
nerve signals and protect the
axons.
• White matter conducts,
processes, and send nerve
signals up and down the spinal
cord.
Regions Of the Cord
Because of the irregular shape of gray
matter,
the white matter on each side of the cord is
divided into three regions—the

Dorsal Column

Lateral Column

Ventral Column
Spinal Cord with Meninges
Thank You