SPC – Control Charts - Introduction

 The concept of quality come from Bible’s –

“God pronounced his creation "good"–
That means “acceptable quality”.
Quality was described by
attributes such as strength, beauty or finish.
Come Mass production that reproducibility
became a quality issue.

Dimensions became issue Since we no longer

Hand-build parts.

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 SPC – Control Charts - Introduction

 In 1931 Walter Shewhart, gave us

SPC &
Basis for Total quality management &
Continuous process improvement.
Process
is monitored through Statistical sampling.

Using Inspection result Process is adjusted, before

it can produce Defect-free parts.
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 SPC – Control Charts – Introduction
Processes and Process Variability

Process variability forms the heart of SPC.

For Eg A Soccer player [Fandi Ahmad] is Practicing

He does 100 kicks a day,

Can he Score Exactly the same number of Goals each day ?

May be 1st
day: 84 of 100
2nd day: 67 of 100, 3rd
day: 77 of 100. Same ? No All
processes Have this kind of Variation , Variability.
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 SPC – Control Charts – Introduction
Processes and Process Variability

Variation can be classified into 2 components.

Common Cause Variations

Special Cause variation

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 SPC – Control Charts – Introduction
Processes and Process Variability

Common Cause Variations: -

Natural process variation,
frequently called Common cause or system
variation,
Naturally occurring fluctuation or
variation inherent in all processes.

For Fandi , this variation would fluctuate around his

long-run percentage. 5
 SPC – Control Charts – Introduction
Processes and Process Variability

Special cause variation

is caused by some Sudden Problem or
extraordinary occurrence in the system.

For Fandi ,
a Leg injury might cause
him to miss many chances
on a particular day.

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 SPC – Control Charts – Introduction
SPC per Dr. Shewhart

Shewhart's says

SPC,” is a method to chart Process &

Quickly Find when a Process is "out of control" .

Identify Special cause variation (Leg

Injury) -

Find Root cause for "out of control" condition &

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 SPC – Control Charts – Introduction
SPC per Dr. Shewhart

Management must reduce

Common cause or System variation &
Special cause variation.
Reduce Variation by
1) Improvement techniques,
2) New technology,
3) Re-engineering

Reduced variation makes the Process Predictable

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 SPC – How to Construct Control Chart ?

First Construct ‘R’ Chart.

If it Validates that the Process variation is

in ‘Statistical Control’
then
Go for ‘X Bar’ Chart.