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Cellcycle Regulation
Cellcycle Regulation
Cellcycle Regulation
◾ ATM and ATR then activate a signaling pathway that leads not only
to cell cycle arrest, but also to the activation of DNA repair and, in
some cases, programmed cell death.
◾ The spindle assembly checkpoint, monitors the alignment of
chromosomes on the mitotic spindle, thus ensuring that a complete set
of chromosomes is distributed accurately to the daughter cells.
Activities of CdkI/cyclin B
complexes can be
regulated
also by
inhibitory proteins of
called CKI’s
binding
(Cdk inhibitors). In mammals
2 families of CKI’s are present:
◾ Ink4 family: binds to Cdk4
& Cdk6; inhibits G1 to S
progression
◾ Kip/Cip family: binds to
Cdk1 & Cdk2; inhibits
various phases of cell
cycle progression
◾ At fertilization, the sperm binds to a receptor on the surface of the egg and fuses with the egg
plasma membrane, initiating the development of a new diploid organism containing genetic
information derived from both parents.
◾ A sperm binds to a plasma membrane receptor of the egg and this induces an increase in Ca2+
level in egg cytoplasm,via hydrolysis of PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol4,5-isphosphate).
◾ The Ca2+ induces exocytosis of secretory vesicles that are present in large numbers beneath the egg
plasma membrane. This, in turn, induces surface alterations that prevent additional sperm from
entering the egg.
◾ The increase in cytosolic Ca2+ following fertilization also signals the completion of meiosis.
◾ Following completion of oocyte meiosis, the fertilized egg (zygote) contains two haploid nuclei
(called pronuclei), one derived from each parent.
◾ The two pronuclei then enter S phase and replicate their DNA as they migrate toward each other.
◾ As they meet, the zygote enters M phase of its first mitotic division.