WEEK 04 SESSION 01-02

ENV 101 Introduction to

Environmental Science
Chapter 2: Air Pollution
ekhtekhar@iub.edu.bd

©Apu Nazrul
 ECONO
MY

OUTER
HUMAN
S
NATURE
Topics and Learning Outcomes
Topics
• Environmental Pollution – Basic Terms
• Types of Environmental Pollution
• Air Pollution – Types
• Air Quality Index
• Major Air Pollutants
• Consequences of Air Pollution
Learning Outcomes
• After this lesson, students will be
able to:
• Define and correctly use each of the
key concepts
• Give examples of different types of
sources of air, and water pollution.
• Explain the relationship between
current practices that result in
environmental pollution.
 Environmental pollution is the undesired spread of
toxic chemicals into the aquatic and terrestrial
habitats of the world

Pollutant: Any substance causing nuisance or

harmful effects or uneasiness to the organisms
Environmental
Pollution -
Pollutants can be naturally occurring substances or
Terminologies energies, but they are considered contaminants
when in excess of natural levels.

Each year 1.2 trillion gallons of untreated

sewage, stormwater, and industrial waste
are dumped into US water.
 WATER POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

LAND POLLUTION

NOISE POLLUTION

THERMAL POLLUTION
Types of
LIGHT POLLUTION
Pollution
VISUAL POLLUTION
 Noise Pollution
Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the propagation of
noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal life
Thermal pollution is the
degradation of water quality
by any process that changes
ambient water temperature.
Light pollution, also known as photo pollution, is the presence
of anthropogenic and artificial light in the night environment.
 Visual Pollution
Visual pollution is an aesthetic issue and refers to the impacts
of pollution that impair one's ability to enjoy a vista or view.
 Emerging Environmental Problems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLfNUD0-8ts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMfdCeVyYsA&t=2s
 AIR POLLUTION
Topics:
• Major Air Pollutants & their sources
• Air Quality Index (AQI)
• Consequences of Air Pollution
Word cloud Activity

• What makes air polluted? (identify 3 keywords)

• Consequences of air pollution (identify 3 keywords)
• What are the solutions to air pollution? (identify 3 keywords)

• https://www.ted.com/talks/maria_neira_this_is_your_brain_on_air_p
ollution/transcript?language=en
Section 03
Section 03
Section 08
Section 08
Activity

• Share a serious fact about air pollution.

https://tbsnews.net/environment/bangladesh-loses-14bn-year-air-pollution-44359?fbcl
id=IwAR3gggFjLaKvPH-qvVyUor2KhF4cOiV_FMOhN-mWi3EZp_zSHrq351NfHaE
 From Facebook

Air Pollution
Sources
Atmosphere as a Resource
• The Earth is surrounded by a
blanket of air, which we call the
atmosphere.

• It reaches over 560 kilometers (348

miles) from the surface of the
Earth, so we are only able to see
what occurs fairly close to the
ground.

• This “blanket”
• moderates temperature
• protects us from harmful radiation
and
• supports life.
Composition of the Atmosphere
The present composition of the atmosphere is:
• 21%  OXYGEN (O2)
• 78%  NITROGEN (N2)
• 0.04%  CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
• ~0.9%  ARGON (Ar)

Besides water vapor, several other gases are also

present in much smaller amounts:
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Neon (Ne)
• Methane (CH4)
• Krypton (Kr)
What if this composition changes?
Types and Sources of Air Pollution

• Air Pollution
• Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events or
human activities in high enough concentrations to be
harmful

• Two categories of pollutant

A. Primary Air Pollutant
• Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the
atmosphere
B. Secondary Air Pollutant
• Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a
primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally
found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants
 Primary Pollutants

CO CO2 Secondary Pollutants

SO2 NO NO2
Most hydrocarbons SO3
Most suspended particles HNO3 H3SO4
H2O2 O3 PANs
Most NO3– and SO42– salts
Sources Natural Stationary

Mobile

Fig. 19-3, p. 442

Types of Air Pollution
• Indoor air pollution: Tobacco smoke,
cooking and heating appliances, and
vapors from building materials, paints,
furniture, etc. cause pollution inside
buildings

• Outdoor air pollution: chemical

reactions between pollutants derived
from different sources, primarily
automobile exhaust and industrial
emissions
Dhaka City’s Pollution
Sources
 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

China is buying fresh air from Rocky Mountain

Area of Canada
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbIevNlt-JE
Anthropogenic Sources of Air Pollutants
Pollution enters the Earth's atmosphere in many
different ways.

Air pollution is most common in large cities

where emissions from many different sources
are concentrated.

Sometimes, mountains or tall buildings

prevent air pollution from spreading out
Emissions from Second-
factories, cars, planes, hand cigarette smoke
or aerosol cans
Large cities in poor and developing nations
tend to have more air pollution than cities in
developed nations.
How are these pollutants spread?

Wind
“Dilution is the solution to pollution”

Wind causes bodies of polluted air to spread out across the

Earth.

When winds are low, these bodies sit and stagnate over a
smaller area leading to localized pockets of more concentrated
pollution.

When winds are high, these bodies are spread out over larger
areas, leading to a lower concentration of pollutants.
Air Pollution in Indonesia

Image Source: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thailand-haze-southern-provinces-indonesia-forest-fires-11921218

MAJOR AIR
POLLUTANT
S
Major Air Pollutants (1)
• Carbon oxides:
• Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly toxic gas that forms during the
incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials.

• 93% of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the troposphere occurs as a result of the

carbon cycle.

• 7% of CO2 in the troposphere occurs as a result of human activities (mostly

burning fossil fuels).
• It is not regulated as a pollutant under the U.S. Clean Air Act.
Major Air Pollutants (2)
• Nitrogen oxides and nitric acid:
• Nitrogen oxide (NO) forms when nitrogen and oxygen gas in air react at the
high-combustion temperatures in automobile engines and coal-burning
plants.

• NO can also form from lightening and certain soil bacteria.

• NO reacts with air to form NO2.
• NO2 reacts with water vapor in the air to form nitric acid (HNO3) and nitrate salts (NO3-)
which are components of acid deposition.
Major Air Pollutants (3)
• Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfuric acid:
• About one-third of SO2 in the troposphere occurs naturally.

• Two-thirds come from human sources, mostly combustion (S+ O2  SO2) of

sulfur-containing coal and from oil refining and smelting of sulfide ores.

• SO2 in the atmosphere can be converted to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sulfate
salts (SO42-) that return to earth as a component of acid deposition.
Major Air Pollutants (4)
• Suspended particulate matter (SPM):
• Consists of a variety of solid particles and liquid droplets small and light
enough to remain suspended in the air.

• The most harmful forms of SPM are fine particles (PM-10, with an average
diameter < 10 micrometers) and ultrafine particles (PM-2.5).

• According to the EPA, SPM is responsible for about 60,000 premature deaths
a year in the U.S.
Activity – Kahoot.it Continent ID
Asia Last digit 1-3
Africa Last digit 4-5
• Go to: https://waqi.info/ Europe Last digit 6-7

North America Last digit 8-9

• According to your ID,
South America Last digit 0
identify two cities from
the assigned continent,
one with good and one
with bad air

• then go to Kahoot.it
 How do we measure the QUALITY of AIR?

AQI: Air Quality Index

• Indicates whether pollutant levels in air may
cause health concerns.

• is used by government agencies to communicate

to the public how polluted the air currently is or
how polluted it is forecast to become.

• Ranges from 0 (least concern) to 500 (greatest

concern)
https://waqi.info/

https://images.app.goo.gl/95F6CfabQivNgGQN7

Air quality is determined by its level of cleanness

Air Quality Index - Scale
 AQI: Air Quality
What do you say? Index
AQI color code Who is affected?
Green (0-50) – Air quality is good
Yellow (51-100) People who are unusually
sensitive to air pollution
Orange (101 – 150) People with heart or lung
disease (including asthma),
older adults, and children
Red (151-200) Everyone, especially people
with heart or lung disease
(including asthma), older
adults, and children
Purple (201-300) Everyone, especially people
with heart or lung disease
(including asthma), older
adults, and children
Source: https://www.epa.gov/pmcourse/patient-exposure-and-air-quality-index
What is the
significance?
Air quality is a concern for
people who are unusually
sensitive to air pollution
Air quality is unhealthy for
people in sensitive groups
Air quality is unhealthy for
everyone
Air quality is very unhealthy for
everyone
What action should
people take?
Enjoy activities
People unusually sensitive
to air pollution: Plan
strenuous activities when air
quality is better
Sensitive groups: Cut back
or reschedule strenuous
activities
Everyone: Cut back or
reschedule strenuous
activities
Sensitive groups: Avoid
strenuous activities
Everyone: Significantly cut
back on physical activities
Sensitive groups: Avoid all
physical activities
Air Pollution in New Delhi
AIR POLLUTANTS cause SMOG
Photochemical smog is a mixture of
pollutants that are formed when
nitrogen oxides and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) react to
sunlight, creating a reddish-brown
haze above cities.

It tends to occur more often in

summer, because that is when we
have the most sunlight.

All modern cities have some

photochemical smog, but it is much
more common in cities with sunny,
warm, and dry climates and lots of
motor vehicles

It can cause respiratory diseases

such as rhinitis, bronchitis, asthma,
pneumonia and other pathologies.
 • The Manmade
Greenhouse Effect
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPJJM_hCFj0

The greenhouse effect is a natural

process that warms the Earth's surface.
When the Sun's energy reaches the
Earth's atmosphere, some of it is
reflected back to space and the rest is
absorbed and re-radiated
by greenhouse gases.

The other PROBLEM

 • Acid Rain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PDjVDIrFec

Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation that
contains acidic components, such as sulfuric acid or nitric acid, according to the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
 Emissions

SO2 NOx
Acid H O O3
2 2
deposition Others
PANs
Susceptibility
to drought,
extreme cold,
Direct damage to Reduced insects,
leaves & bark photo- mosses, &
synthesis and disease
growth organisms Air pollution is one of
several interacting
stresses that can
damage, weaken, or kill
Soil acidification Tree death trees and pollute surface
and groundwater.

Leaching Release of Root Reduced nutrient &

of soil Acids toxic metal damage water uptake
nutrients ions
Lake

Groundwater
Fig. 19-9, p. 451
 Temperature Inversions – Effects of Air Pollution in Urban Areas

• Cold, cloudy weather in a valley surrounded by mountains can trap air

pollutants (left).

• Areas with sunny climate, light winds, mountains on three sides and an
ocean on the other (right) are susceptible to inversions.
Figure 19-5
Effects of
Air Type of
Pollution Effects
on
Illnesses
(pneumonia/ bronchitis)

discomfort such
Short term
as irritation

headaches, dizziness,
and nausea
Humans

heart disease, lung cancer,

and respiratory diseases

Long term
damage to
people's nerves,
brain, kidneys, liver, and
other organs.
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR
POLLUTION

Normal human lungs (left) and the lungs of a person who

died of emphysema (right).
Figure 19-15
 • How can you play a role to improve the air quality in
Activity: Actions Dhaka city?
• As an individual
for cleaner air • As a member of your family
• As a member of your community (IUB)

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

What can you do as an individual to solve air pollution problem?

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

What can you do as a community group to solve air pollution?

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

 Solutions
Air Pollution
Outdoor Indoor

Improve energy efficiency to Reduce poverty

reduce fossil fuel use

Distribute cheap & efficient

Rely more on lower-polluting cookstoves or solar cookers
natural gas to poor families in
developing countries

Rely more on renewable energy

(especially solar cells, wind, & solar-
produced hydrogen) Reduce or ban indoor
smoking

Transfer technologies for latest

energy efficiency, renewable Develop simple and cheap tests
energy, & pollution prevention to for indoor pollutants such as
developing countries particulates, radon, and
formaldehyde

Fig. 19-22, p. 462

Can we play a role to REDUCE these
problems?
Ride your bike

Tell your friends and family about pollution

Make sure to conduct pollution checks at home

Ride Take public transport

Can we play a role to reduce these problems?

Carpooling

Switch off electric appliances when you leave room

Become an environmental scientist to do meaningful work

 Bike Friendly City:- Copenhagen:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAr5sB6aivk

Take Public Bus- Vietnam:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcmrEvkl8ps
Short
Documentaries Carpooling in India:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqYw1MRuHR0

Traffic Control in Sweden:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fScV3mymDcA
Thank you