Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IMP IMP Unit - 4 Survey
IMP IMP Unit - 4 Survey
UNIT-4
Tachometric Surveying: Fundamental
principles of tachometry, stadia and
tangential methods tachometry.
Curves: Types of curves and their necessity,
elements of simple circular curve, setting out
of simple horizontal circular curves.
‘Tacheometry’
refers to
“Quick
measure”
Tacheometric Surveying
Tangential
fixed hair method Stadia
Method
Method
is
widely Used
Fixed
Movable Hair
Hair
Method
Method
S. No Theodolite Tacheometer
1. Used to measure horizontal and Used to measure horizontal
vertical angles and vertical distances and
angles
2. Distances are measured by Direct distances are measured
chain and tape
3. Suitable for plane and hilly Suitable for obstacles like
terrain river and broken ground
4. More stations are required for Less stations are required for
theodolite survey theodolite survey
S. No Stadia system Tangential system
1. In stadia system fixed hair In tangential system various
method and movable hair cases are being used to find
method are used to find out out the horizontal distance.
horizontal distance.
2. In stadia system a telescope is In tangential system a
fitted with stadia hair in telescope is not fitted with
movable hair method. stadia diaphragm.
3. Two vane or targets are fixed at Two target are fixed distance
a known distance apart a apart is probably 3m to 4m.
normally 3m.
S. No Stadia system Tangential system
4. In stadia system there is In tangential system there is less
more speed and readings speed and reading are not easily be
are easily be taken. taken.
https://www.slideshare.net/sathananthankartheep/surveying-and-levelling-239339376
Fixed Hair Method
Example : Ground Distance of 100 m apart
constant, variables (S1,S2,S3,S4)
i
Fixed Hair Method
• In the fixed hair method the cross hairs of the diaphragm are kept at a constant distance apart and the
staff intercept varies with the horizontal and vertical position of the staff with respect to the Theodolite.
In this system, the vertical distance between the upper and lower stadia hair is fixed and this fixed
Stadia interval is not changed during the measurement. When the tacheometer is targeted at staff then
staff intercept (s) is obtained from the difference of readings of upper hair and lower hair.
constant, variables
Fixed Hair
Method
S1 , S2, S3 are
variable.
β = Constant
Movable Hair Method
In this method of tacheometry, the distance between the upper hair and lower
hair (i.e, the stadia interval,) is varied by moving the stadia hairs vertically by
the micrometer screws.
Here the staff intercept (s) is fixed.
The accuracy of the movable hair system is less compared to fixed hair system
It is quite difficult to measure the stadia interval accurately, and thus the
movable hair method is sparsely used. Fixed hair system is most commonly
used in practice.
i= variables, s= constant.
Movable
Hair
Method
S = Constant
i=variables, s= constant.
Movable Hair Method
β1 β3
Telescope fitted
with stadia hairs
S which can be
S S
moved and fixed
at any distance
from the central
D1 hair.
D2
D3
β2
Principle of Stadia Method
f
DETERMINATION OF CONSTANTS OF
TACHEOMETER
of instrument axis
This method can even be used when a telescope is not provided with a
diaphragm.
Now these vertical angles and the fixed distance on staff are used to
determine the horizontal distance and difference of elevations.
Tangential Method
CURVES
CURVES
SUMMIT
CURVE
VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL CURVE VALLEY
CURVE
CURVE
TRANSITION
CURVE
CIRCULAR
CUBIC
PARABOLA
SIMPLE CURVE
SPIRAL
COMPOUND CURVE CURVE
1718.87 1719
𝐷=
𝑅 or R=
D
Arc definition: The central angle subtended by a
circular arc of 30m (100-ft)
https://www.jerrymahun.com/index.php/open-access/viii-
curves/55-chapter-c-horizontal-curves?showall=1&limitstart=
Radius (R) : The radius is the radius of the circle of which the curve is an arc
Back Tangent : The tangent line before the beginning of the curve is called the back
Point of intersection (PI) (or) Vertex (V): Back tangent and forward tangent
when extended, intersect at a point known as (V)
Point of Curvature (PC):The point of curvature is the point where the circular
curve begins. The back tangent is tangent to the curve at this point.
Point of tangency (PT): The point of tangency is the end of the curve. The
forward tangent is tangent to the curve at this point.
Elements of Simple Circular Curve
Length of curve, L
L
Length of Tangent
(c) Chainage of
chainage of
Problem
= 4.02 m
Two Theodolite Method