CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION

OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI

A PRESENTATION, PRESENTED

BY

OSHIBE CHARITY ANULIKA

 TABLE OF CONTENT
• Title page
• Table of content
• Introduction
• General classification of Gram negative bacilli
- Taxonomy
- Major family
• Identification method
-Gram staining
-Biochemical test
-Serological test
-Molecular technique
• Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
• In the realm of microbiology, there exists an intricate and diverse group of microorganisms
known as gram-negative bacilli. These unassuming bacteria, often unseen by the naked eye,
hold a significant role in the intricate tapestry of life on our planet. Today, we embark on a
journey of discovery, delving into the world of gram-negative bacilli and unveiling the secrets
hidden within their microscopic structures. The purpose of this presentation is to shine a
spotlight on these remarkable organisms, to unravel the intricacies of their classification, and
to unveil the techniques employed by scientists to identify and understand them.
 GENERL CLASSIFICATION OF GRAM
NEGATIVE BACILL GRAM-NEGATIVE
BACILLI:AM-NEGATIVE
Gram-negative BACILLI:
bacilli, a diverse group of bacteria, are categorized based on their shared
characteristics and genetic relatedness. This classification system helps scientists and healthcare
professionals better understand and work with these microorganisms. Let's explore the key
aspects of their classification:
Taxonomy: Gram-negative bacilli are part of the larger taxonomic group known as
Proteobacteria, which encompasses a wide range of bacteria. Within this group, they are further
classified into several families and genera.
1. Major Families: Some of the major families within the classification of gram-negative
bacilli include:
• Enterobacteriaceae: This family includes well-known bacteria like Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella,
and Klebsiella.
Pseudomonadaceae: It comprises Pseudomonas species, known for their adaptability and involvement in various infections.

Vibrionaceae: Vibrio species, such as Vibrio cholerae, are classified here, often associated with waterborne illnesses.

3. Genomic Analysis: Advances in molecular biology and genomics have significantly contributed to the classification of these bacteria.
DNA sequencing techniques allow scientists to study the genetic makeup of gram-negative bacilli, helping refine their classification.

4. Phenotypic classification of gram-negative bacilli relies on observable characteristics such as morphology, staining properties, and
biochemical reactions.

• Morphology: Gram-negative bacilli are typically rod-shaped (bacilli), which means they have a cylindrical or elongated shape.Their size
can vary, but they are generally smaller than gram-positive bacilli.

Image of a Gram negative bacilli

5. Cell Wall Composition: Their cell walls consist of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane. The outer membrane
contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are associated with endotoxin activity.

6. Motility: Many gram-negative bacilli are motile, thanks to flagella. Motility can be an important diagnostic trait.
2. Biochemical Tests:
• Biochemical tests are fundamental for identifying gram-negative bacilli at the genus and species levels.
• These tests assess the bacteria's metabolic activities, such as fermentation of sugars, production of
enzymes, and utilization of specific substrates.
• Examples of commonly used biochemical tests include the IMViC tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-
Proskauer, Citrate), Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) test, and oxidase test.
3. Serological Testing: Some gram-negative bacilli can be identified using specific antibodies and
serological tests.
For example, serological tests are essential for detecting and identifying pathogenic strains of Escherichia
coli or Salmonella.
4. Molecular Techniques: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing have become
powerful tools for the identification of gram-negative bacilli.
These techniques target specific genes or regions of the bacterial genome to achieve highly accurate
identification.
16S rRNA gene sequencing is a common method used for phylogenetic identification
 CONCLUSION
In closing, our exploration of gram-negative bacilli’s classification and identification underscores
their significance in microbiology and healthcare. Precision in identification is paramount,
influencing diagnostics and public health.

As our journey concludes, we leave with a deeper appreciation for these microorganisms and their
role in the microbial world. The pursuit of knowledge in this field continues, promising advances
in healthcare and microbiological understanding. Thank you for joining us on this enlightening
expedition.