Cellular Respiration

Grade 10
 Cellular respiration is the
breaking down of organic
compounds (glucose) with the
gradual release of energy that is
Definition stored in ATP molecules. Oxygen
is required and carbon dioxide
and water are released as waste
products.

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Introduction
• All living organisms are made of cells, which constantly perform work and therefore
need energy.

• Organisms use energy for life processes:

o growth
o Cell division
o Digestion
o Movement
o Transport of substances around the body
o Active transport against a concentration gradient

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 According to the Law of
Conservation of Energy,
energy cannot be created or
destroyed, only converted
from one form to another.
Law of Conservation of Energy
• The sun is the primary source of energy for life.
• During photosynthesis, radiant energy from the sun is converted
into chemical potential energy and built into organic carbohydrate
molecules (glucose).
• During cellular respiration, these organic compounds (glucose) are
broken down, releasing the stored chemical potential energy.
• This energy is carried to all the parts of the cell/body by ATP
(energy carrier).
• Part of the energy is released into the environment as heat.

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 Raw
Glucose
materials for Oxygen
cellular
respiration

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 Carbon dioxide
Water
Products of ATP (energy)

cellular
The energy released during
respiration cellular respiration is not always
used straight away. Energy is
temporarily stored in the energy
carrier ATP.

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Equation for cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

Photosynthesis is an anabolic (building up) processes, because energy-

rich glucose is built up.

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Radiant energy Glucose + Oxygen

Cellular respiration is a catabolic (breaking down) processes, because

energy-rich glucose is broken down.

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 Locations of cellular
respiration
• The first phase of cellular
respiration takes place in the
cytoplasm outside the
mitochondrion, known as the
cytosol.
• The second and third phases occur
inside the mitochondrion.

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 Structure of a mitochondrion

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• Aerobic respiration : requires
oxygen
o Glycolysis
o Krebs Cycle Process of
o Oxidative phosphorylation cellular
respiration
• Anaerobic respiration : does not
require oxygen

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Anaerobic respiration
• Takes place in the absence of oxygen
• Glucose is only partially broken down, and therefore less energy
is released.

• Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

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Anaerobic respiration in the muscles during
exercise
• During vigorous exercise, the muscles do not receive enough oxygen.
• Thus, they need to respire anaerobically.
• Only glycolysis takes place.
• Glucose is broken down.
• Pyruvic acid is formed.
• Only a small amount of energy is released.
• Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid, which is then released into the muscles.

• This process is known as lactic acid fermentation.

• The oxygen needed to get rid of this lactic acid which accumulates in the cells is called
oxygen debt.

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Lactic acid
• Toxin that leads to muscle stiffness and muscle pain.
• Oxygen is needed to convert the lactic acid back into pyruvic
acid.
• Moderate exercise with deep breathing is needed to get rid of the
muscle stiffness.
• If there is sufficient oxygen, aerobic respiration takes place and
pyruvic acid enters the Krebs cycle.

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Anaerobic respiration in plants (e.g., yeast)
• Only glycolysis occurs
• Glucose is broken down
• Pyruvic acid is formed
• Only a small amount of energy is released
• Pyruvic acid is broken down further
• Carbon dioxide is released
• Alcohol (ethanol) is formed

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 Lactic acid Alcoholic
fermentation fermentation

Plants (yeasts, moulds and

Animal cells (muscle cells)
bacteria)

Glucose Glucose

Small amount of
energy
Lactic acid
CO2 + alcohol (ethanol)

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Aerobic vs Anaerobic respiration
Similarities
• Glucose serves as a raw material in both processes
• CO2 is released in both processes
• Energy is released in both processes

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Aerobic vs Anaerobic respiration
Differences

Aerobic Anaerobic
Occurs in the presence of O2 Occurs in the absence of O2
Products: Products:
• CO2 and H2O • Lactic acid (in animals)
• CO2 and ethanol (plants/yeast cells)
Large amount of energy is released Small amount of energy is released
• Glucose molecule broken down • Glucose molecule broken down
completely partially
Takes place in: Takes place in:
• Cytosol • Cytosol only
• Mitochondrion

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Fermentation
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbdkbCU20_M

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The role of anaerobic respiration in the
industry
• Yeast cells and other fungi respire anaerobically and are used to
produce alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine.
• Yeast cells are also used to cause bread to rise during the baking process
• Certain bacteria can be used to produce cheese, yogurt and sour milk
under anaerobic conditions in the presence of sugar (lactose)

• The use of these living organisms in industrial processes such as food

processing is known as biotechnology.

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 Brewing beer
4 key ingredients are:
• Barley
• Water
• Hops
• Yeast

• Beer making process:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1
mp1oMZKJQ

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Activity
• Draw a flow chart to illustrate the beer-making process

• Read about the traditional South African beer (pg 4.11)

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Baking bread
Ingredients:
• Flour
• Water
• Yeast
• Little bit of sugar

• Bread baking process:

https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=4icnf_hfw6M

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Activity
• Draw a flow chart to illustrate the bread-baking process

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