UNIT

HUMAN
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

Sumber : www.pixabay.com/alfcermed
LEARNING OBJECTIVE

1. Identified the organs in human respiratory system

2. Compare the inspiration and expiration in breathing process
3. Has knowledge in disease and disorder that happen in
human respiratory system
4. Calculate the human respiration frequency
5. Measure the volume of breathing and vital total volume
6. Has knowledge in giving CPR
FUNCTION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• All living organisms need energy to carry out

activities like movement, growth and reproduction.
• This energy is obtained from the food the
organisms take in.
• Plants convert light energy from the sun to
chemical energy stored in food substances.
• Animals get this energy by feeding on plants or on
other animals that feed on plants.
WHAT IS RESPIRATION ?

Respiration is the process that the body uses to release

energy from digested food (glucose):

glucose carbon energy

oxygen dioxide water

from the from the waste waste useful!

digestive breathing product product
system system exhaled exhaled
RESPIRATION ORGANS

NOSE

TRACHEA

BRONCHUS (BRONCHI – singular)

BRONCHIOLES

LUNGS
RESPIRATORY ORGANS

1. NOSE

 The nose is equipped with nasal hairs

that function to filter air so that dirt
does not enter the lungs.
 The nose has mucus glands which
regulate the humidity of the air.
 Therefore, it is better to breathe
through the nose, not through the
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mouth
 Nose should always be clean and Left Part of Nose Cavity
nose hair is not cut.
RESPIRATORY ORGANS

2. RESPIRATORY TRACT / WINDPIPE

 Includes the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
 Its function is to circulate respiratory air from the nose
to the lungs.
 At the frontal end of the trachea there is a throat (Ind :
tekak) that functions to open and close the respiratory
tract Sumber: shutterstock.com

 The larynx has vocal cords so we can speak.

 The respiratory tract is composed of cartilage rings so Larynx (frontal-end) of the
that the respiratory tract is always open. throat from frony (left)
 In the canal there are also cilia which are very from behind (right)
sensitive to foreign objects entering it
 Usually we will cough, choke and sneeze if a foreign
object enters the respiratory tract.
RESPIRATORY ORGANS

3. LUNGS
 The lungs are divided into two parts, namely
the right which consists of three lobes and the
left two lobes.
 The lungs are protected by a membrane
called the pleura.
 Have small bubbles like balls called alveoli.
 Alveoli are the site of exchange of oxygen Sumber: shutterstock.com

and carbon dioxide.

 The lungs expel carbon dioxide so as not to (a) paru-paru dan saluran
poison the body's cells. pernapasan manusia serta
 Each minute the lungs can absorb about 250 (b) alveolus
mL of oxygen and expel as much as 200 mL
of carbon dioxide.
BREATH MECHANISM

Normally breathing is a collaboration between the sternum and chest muscles,

diaphragm and abdominal muscles.
Breathing consists of two phases:
• Inspiration, the process of
entering air into the lungs.
• Expiration, the process of
expelling air from the lungs.
There are two types of breathing mechanisms :
 Chest breathing  increase and decrease
the chest when breathing
 Abdominal breathing  enlarge and shrink
the stomach while breathing
 Aerobic Respiration
air drawn in air forced out

rib cage
diaphragm

Breathing in Breathing out

GAS EXCHANGE PROCESS
 Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood → Hemoglobin (Hb) red blood cells binds
oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin → Oxygen is circulated by the blood to all body tissues
and cells → In body cells, blood releases oxygen so that oxyhemoglobin returns to
hemoglobin → Oxygen is released into body cells for cellular respiration or biological
oxidation processes.
 Respiration is the reaction between nutrients and oxygen that produces energy, carbon
dioxide and water vapor.
 The energy from respiration is used for body activities, while carbon dioxide and water
vapor are removed from the body.
 Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood → Hb binds to carbon dioxide to
form carbaminohemoglobin → Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs → In the lungs,
carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus → Carbon dioxide is expelled through the
respiratory tract and water is expelled in the form of water vapor.
GAS EXCHANGE PROCESS

Sumber: dokumen penerbit

Diffusion of oxygen from the air in the alveoli to the blood vessels and
carbon dioxide from the blood to the air.
Aerobic Respiration 1. In the lungs, air sacs
are surrounded by
thin film of moisture
tiny blood vessels
heart called blood
air movement capillaries.

2. Oxygen entering the

air sac air sacs diffuses
into the blood that
flows into the blood
red blood cells capillaries.

lungs blood
capillary
3. Carbon dioxide produced by other parts of the
body enters the bloodstream. It is brought to
these blood capillaries so that it can diffuse
from the blood into the air sacs. Carbon
dioxide is then released when we breathe out
air. tissue cells
oxygen diffuses into tissue cell
FREKUENSI PERNAPASAN
 Orang normal bernapas 12-15kali per menit.
 Frekuensi bernafas dipengaruhi oleh jenis kelamin, aktivitas dan usia
 Pada wanita memiliki volume paru-paru yang lebih kecil daripada pria sehingga frekuensi
bernapas lebih banyak.
 Semakin cepat tubuh beraktivitas, makin cepat ula frekuensi pernapasannya.
 Saat menahan napas beberapa saat akan membuat kita terengah-engah sehingga
frekuensi pernapasan meningkat.
 Berada diruang yang sempit dan kekurangan oksigen juga dapat menyebabkan frekuensi
pernapasan bertambah cepat untuk memperoleh oksigen lebih banyak.
 Bayi dan balita memiliki frekuensi bernapas lebih banyak disbanding orang dewasa
karena volumeya yang relative lebih kecil dan sel-sel pada bayi sedang berkembang
sehingga butuh pasokan oksigen lebih banyak.
VOLUME OF AIR IN BREATHING

The following is the volume of air in the human lungs:

Dalam keadaan normal 0,5 liter (500 cc)

Inspirasi maksimum (IM) 4,8 liter (4800 cc)
Ekspirasi maksimum (EM) 4,8 liter (4800 cc)
Udara residu (UR) 1,2 liter (1200 cc)
Kapasitas vital paru-paru 4,8 liter (4800 cc)
DISEASE AND DISORDER IN RESPIRATORY

1. TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
 Caused by the bacterium Bacillus tuberculosis
 In addition to causing pneumonia, this disease causes the alveoli to contain a lot of fluid,
which interferes with the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

2. PNEUMONIA

 Caused by bacterial, viral and fungal infections

 The infection causes inflammation of the lungs, causing fluid to accumulate in the alveoli

3. BRONCHITIS
 Causes inflammation of the bronchial walls caused by viruses
 This disease causes coughing up phlegm
DISEASE AND DISORDER IN RESPIRATORY
4. ASTHMA
 Causes constriction of the respiratory tract
 This disease can be caused by allergies

5. EMPHISEMA
 Causes the alveoli to be full of fluid thereby inhibiting the diffusion of oxygen and carbon
dioxide

6. LUNG CANCER

 Causes lung cells to grow uncontrollably and not function properly

 Cancer tissue will press the alveolus so that it does not function anymore
 Smokers have a much higher chance of developing lung cancer than non-smokers
CPR
Artificial respiration or CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is very important to help people
stop breathing due to accidents such as drowning or fainting.

The steps for performing artificial

respiration are as follows:

• Make sure the patient is supine. Place one

palm on the chest the middle, then put your
other palms hand over the first hand. Position
elbows should be straight and shoulders right
in over the arm.

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CPR
 Press the chest 5 cm deep 30 times
at a rate of one to two pressures per
second.
 When pressing, use your upper body,
not just arm strength, then check for
signs of the victim breathing or
moving. If not, continue this process
until medical personnel arrive at 100
pressures per minute.
 You can check if he can breathe
normally or not by looking at his
chest movement and bringing
your ear and cheek to his nose
and mouth. If you can't breathe
normally, do artificial respiration
using the mouth-to-mouth
method.