Biological

macromolecule
s
 recap

A. Differentiate the types of intermolecular

forces
 Whoa
!
Pik a
Pic
 To explore the lesson more, the students are task to answer the activity called “
Bio Word Hunting
 Food is a source of molecules that are needed for life. These are biological molecules. What
you eat belongs to biomolecules. There are four biological molecules that make up all of
life.
F A T S H Y L I P I D P

U P I A T E P R O T E R

N U C L E I C A C I D O

Y Y K T L P D G O G O T

C A R B O H Y D R A T E

A R O A A H L E W W W I

B I O M O L E C U L E N
 Biological macromolecules
● Biological macromolecules are important cellular components and
perform a wide array of functions necessary for the survival and growth
of living organisms.
● Nutrients are the molecules that living organisms require for survival and
growth, but animals and plants cannot synthesize themselves.
● Animals obtain nutrients by consuming food, while plants pull nutrients
from soil. Foods such as bread, fruit, and cheese are rich sources of
biological macromolecules.
● The four major classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
● Many critical nutrients are biological macromolecules. The term “macromolecules”
was first coined in the 1920’s by Nobel Laurete Herman Staudinge
 Terms and Definitions
Polymer – a large molecule made of repeating subunits (monomers). For
example, a carbohydrate is a polymer that is made of repeating
monosaccharides.
Monosaccharide – simplest form of carbohydrates
Monomer – a molecule that can react with other molecule to form very large
molecules or polymers
Hormones – special chemical messengers that are created in the endocrine
gland
Amino acids – organic compounds that combined to form proteins
Enzymes – proteins which make the bio chemical reaction fast
Nucleotide - made up of three components: nitrogen-containing base, five-
carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
Biological macromolecules
Biological macromolecules
carbohydrates
 carbohydrates
● Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules
in nature. They are present in human, animal tissue, plant
and in microorganisms. Carbohydrates are also present in
tissue fluids, blood, milk, secretion, and excretions of
animals.
● Sugars can be categorized into three namely:
monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide
carbohydrates
carbohydrates
 General Functions of
Carbohydrates
● STORAGE form of energy (starch and glycogen)
● Main SOURCE of energy in the body (glycogen)
● Excess carbohydrate is converted FAT.
protein
 Biological macromolecules
● Proteins function for bodily growth, repair, and replacement of cells and
enzymes catalyze cellular chemical reactions.
● The basic unit of protein is the amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks
that form polypeptides and ultimately proteins. Consequently, they are
fundamental components of our bodies and vital for physiological functions
such as protein synthesis, tissue repair and nutrient absorption.
● There are about 20 common amino acids although thousands of amino acids
exist in nature. Amino acids join in a covalent bond (sharing of electrons)
known as peptide bond. If two amino acids join, they form peptide.
● Proteins are made up of long chain of amino acids, hence also called as
“polypeptides.”
 Two most important functions of
●
proteins
Structural Proteins- Proteins are the major
structural components of most living tissues. They
function for growth, repair, and replacement of
tissue.
● Catalytic Proteins- These are the enzymes
(catalyst) which increase the rate of biological
reactions inside the living organisms.
 General functions of proteins
● Transport substances in the body, such as hemoglobin
transports oxygen.
● Enzymes which catalyze chemical reactions in the body.
● Defense function such as immunoglobulin (antibodies).
● Hormones are proteins. That control many biochemical
events. Example is insulin (a hormone made by
pancreas that allows the body to use sugar (glucose)
from carbohydrates in the food that is eaten for energy
or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keep the
blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia)
or too low (hypoglycemia).

·
lipids
 lipids
● Lipids are hydrophobic molecules like fats, oils, phospholipids, and
steroids.
● They function as energy storage, water proofing, membrane structure,
and some hormones.
● Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of fatty acid tails and glycerol
head.
● Lipids are biological compounds that consist of hydrogen, carbon, and
oxygen. These non-polar molecules are insoluble in water but soluble in
ether, alcohol, chloroform, or other organic solvents.
● These molecules are considered as the highest form of energy reserve
and long-term energy storage. They are twice the energy as
carbohydrates.
 Examples of lipids
A. Triglycerides which includes fats and
oils
● Saturated Fats- These molecules contain fatty acids in which all of the
carbon-carbon bonds are single bonded. Most animal fats are solid at
room temperature. Reminder: We should limit these in our diet because
they contribute to heart disease due to plaque depositions in arteries-a
cardiovascular disease called atherosclerosis. Examples: Bacon, meat,
oils, sour cream, and butter.
● Unsaturated Fats- These molecules have fatty acids with at least one
carbon-carbon bond is double bond. These are liquid at room
temperature which the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together. They
are from the plant, vegetable, and fish fats. Plant and fish fats are liquid
at room temperature and are known as oils.
 Examples of lipids
● Waxes- These are long-chain of fatty acids combined with alcohols rather
than glycerol. These molecules form protective coatings on the leaves of
plants and the skins of animals.
● Phospholipids- These are main component of the cell membrane. They
have a phosphate group bonded to one of the fatty acid chains, making the
molecules hydrophilic.
● Hormones and Steroids which include Cholesterol- these are lipids with
carbon rings. Steroids are formed by different functional groups attached to
the rings. One of the important steroids is the cholesterol, which is an
important component of cell membrane. Many of these steroids are
hormones such as sex hormones including testosterone and estrogen.
 Nucleic acid
● These are large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus. Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotide monomers.
● Nucleotides build nucleic acids which are made up of three parts: phosphate,
sugar group (deoxyribose and ribose) and nitrogen- containing base. The nitrogen
bases are rings of carbon and nitrogen that come in two types: purines (a type of
nitrogenous base made of 2 rings and can only pair These are large molecules
containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
● Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotide monomers. Nucleotides build
nucleic acids which are made up of three parts: phosphate, sugar group
(deoxyribose and ribose) and nitrogen- containing base. The nitrogen bases are
rings of carbon and nitrogen that come in two types: purines (a type of nitrogenous
base made of 2 rings and can only pair pyrimidine) and pyrimidines (a type of
nitrogenous base made of one ring and can only pair with purine.
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid
Biological Macromolecules
Mnemonics
 Macromolecule Plates and Glass
The activity named as “Macromolecule Plates and Glass”; learners will
recall what they have eaten.
Guide Questions:
1.Write inside the first plate an example of food rich in carbohydrates
that you have eaten a while ago and tell us what you feel after eating it.
2.Write inside the second plate an example of food rich in lipids that
you have eaten a while ago.
3.Write inside the third plate an example of food rich in protein that
you have eaten a while ago and tell us what you feel about what you have
eaten.
4.Write inside the glass the function of nucleic acids.
The Maze Runner
GROUP YOURSELF INTO 5 and
ANSWER THE MAZE RUNNER
 Assignment
Complete the table by filling out the required information. Identify the disorder/disease,
related macromolecule and its function based on the given scenario.
A. Rustia, a grade 12 student experienced excessive sweating, frequent urination, feeling
very thirsty and hungry. She was not able to attend her class during that day. She was
rushed in the hospital and upon examining her blood sugar it was found out that it is
above its normal value.
B. One of the students of Mr. Cox shared her story when she was hospitalized at the age
of three. She showed her picture with enlarged tummy, loss of muscle mass and inflamed
patches on her skin. She even mentioned that she was also irritable and had failure to
grow in height according to her mother.