COMMUNICATION AND

PUBLIC PRESENTATIONS

never stop daring

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PROFESSIONALS COMMUNICATE DAILY

• THINK OF EXAMPLE OF PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION

• THINK OF EXAMPLE OF STUDENT COMMUNICATION

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WHAT ARE YOUR EXAMPLES OF BEST COMMUNICATION
EXPERIENCE?

WHAT ARE YOUR EXAMPLES OF WORST COMMUNICATION

EXPERIENCE?

WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS TO GOOD COMMUNICATION?

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What is communication?

What is communication?

• a process by which information is exchanged

between individuals through a common
system of symbols, signs, or behavior

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Interactional model
(P alo Alto sch o o l, 1 9 6 0 )

Message The information is sent and interpreted

Coding

Send a message is to give

information but also to give Receiver
Transmitter
a self-representation

Decoding

The meaning of the message is influenced by a representation

of transmitter and receiver 5
Communicational process

Communicate = act
It is impossible not to communicate

Communication = 2 parameters:
information and relation

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Communication components

•Human communication global.

•It integrates

o Message, reasoning = verbal,

o But also non verbal elements

• attitudes and corporal postures,
• gestures, mimics,
• verbal speed, intonations, voice
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Verbal language in communication

A language is a way to see things and interpret our « The map is not
experiences the territory… »
Alfred Korzybski

Words are limited to describe our experiences

Words do not only describe our reality, they construct it

Nordic languages have

great variety of words to
describe « snow »
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The importance of non-verbal language

Verbal Non verbal

Gestures
Corporal Language
Facial expressions
Words you choose
Tone of voice
Volume
Intonations

Non verbal + verbal = communication

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People who inspire trust have congruent verbal
messages and non-verbal behavior

 Facial expression, gestures, breathing, micro-movements

can transmit more information than words

Be aware of the person whose belly does not move

when he laughs » Chinese Proverb

 Learn to observe your interlocutors

 Non-verbal reactions come before words

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Establish relation with your
interlocutor
Mirror effect and echo effect

• Your interlocutor will listen better and will understand you better if he
sees some of himself in you: some of his/ her voice in your voice, some of
his/her reflection in your eyes, and if he feels some of his emotion shared.

• Be in rhythm with him and use gestures resembling to her / his gestures

• Use the words (s)he uses

• Use the metaphors (s)he can understand

Of course without “monkeying” the person

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Now it’s your turn to act!

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GIVING FEED-BACK TO TEAM MEMBER

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Recognition signes
• Recognition is a physiological need
– Attachment theory (Spitz, hospitalism)
– Transactional Analysis: stroke
– Recognition hunger: the need for adults to receive recognition signs

• Recognition signs can be:

– Verbal or non-verbal
– Conditional (do) or unconditional (be)
– Positive or negative

• People prefer positive recognition signs

• But for majority of people it is better to get a negative recognition sign
than no recognition at all.
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Feed-back
 Feed-back:
 information given to a person about his/her behavior
and reactions it creates in the environment
 the goal is to help the person to be more conscious of
his behavior and it’s impact on others. If the person
decides to modify his behavior, he will know what he
should modify and how.

 Criteria for a good feed-back:

 Given form a position of respect and trust
 Given after a good relationship has been created.
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 Two types of feed-back

 Recognition feed-back: helps to maintain good relationship

 “I really liked your presentation!”
 “It’s good!”

 Informative feed-back: based on facts

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Informative feed-back
 Base your informative feed-back on observable facts, that can be modified.

 Give interpretations as hypothesis, not as “universal truths”.

 Avoid negative judgments.

 Limit your feed-back to few clearly described behaviors

 People can only remember a limited number of information, too much is unproductive.

 Give your feed-back at an appropriate moment:

 the earlier the better,
 and the person is ready to listen

 Check that your message was clear

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"Sandwich" structure for feed-back

“What I liked in your work is”

(descriptive, specific, based on facts…)

“What you can improve is”

(not too many improvements…)

“And to conclude, some specific qualities of your work is… “

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HOW TO PROCESS INFORMATION AND
REACT APPROPRIATELY?

never stop daring

 Ego zone and reflexive zone
REFLEXIVE ZONE BEHAVIOR
INFORMATION

EGO ZONE

• Efficiency of a communication depends on a capacity to stay in the reflexive zone

rather than reacting purely emotionally.

• When we are verbally aggressed we choose either to rationalize the event and to
give a constructed answer, or to react instinctively
• 3F : flight, fight, froze

• This choice is done extremely fast (micro-second).

• When we react in the ego zone, we might lose the control and the efficiency of the
communication. 20
PRESENCE AND FIRST IMPRESSION

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 Présence?
 Capacity “to be here and now”

 Approach important moments of your life

without fear, live them without anxiety and
leave them without regret

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Why is it important to be present?
 You will feel better

 If you stop worrying about outcomes and

concentrate on your presence, you can
have better impact on others and achieve
better results

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Positions of more or less power

Les images appartiennent à

Prof. Amy Cuddy

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First impression
 It takes few seconds to form a first impression
 How to create a good first impression (USA business culture)
 Be on Time
 Be Yourself, Be at Ease
 Present Yourself Appropriately
 Express your individuality appropriately within that context
 Smile
 Be Open and Confident
 Small Talk intelligently and based on person’s information
 Be Positive
 Be Courteous and Attentive

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Now it’s your turn to act!

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21 WAYS TO CAPTIVATE BUSINESS
AUDIENCE

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 Persuasive Communication
ETHOS Credibility

Emotions
Facts, logic…

PATHOS LOGOS
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WHAT MAKES A PRESENTATION GOOD?
WHAT MAKES A PRESENTATION BAD?

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 THINK FOR A MINUTE

Who is the most memorable speaker you have ever

heard? (presenter, trainer…)

What makes this person outstanding? (minimum 3

qualities)

What is the worse thing a speaker can do to turn you

off?

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AUDIENCES NAME TOP THREE SPEAKERS QUALITIES…
(USA)
Be enthusiastic

Be interesting – use humor and stories

Be knowledgeable – know your material

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AUDIENCE FOCUS

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CONNECT WITH YOUR AUDIENCE

1. Know your audience

2. Step into their shoes

3. Get in synch with your audience

4. Activate their “on” buttons

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CAPTIVATE WITH STEAK, SIZZLE AND STYLE

Steak Style
Information, Gestures,
content appearance, voice

Sizzle
Interesting stories,
humor, examples
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WHAT ARE THE MAIN CHALLENGES OF THE WORLD TODAY?

YOUR TURN
WHAT ARE YOUR AUDIENCE INTERESTS?

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CREATE A GREAT “STEAK” THAT “SIZZLES”

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AUDIENCE FOCUS

Objective:
I want the audience to …

Message (repeat it about 6 times during a long presentation)

In one sentence, what do I want the audience to remember?

Audience considerations
How can I relate this message to this audience?
What are their interests in this topic?
How can the audience benefit from my presentation?

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PRESENTATION PLANNER
PLAN FOR STEAK AND SIZZLE

Audience focus
Objective
Message
Audience consideration

The presentation
Introduction
GRAB (grab the audience attention)
WIFM ( “what’s in it for me”)
PREVIEW
Body
Point # 1 and sub-points: steak, sizzle, steak, sizzle
Point # 2 and sub-points: steak, sizzle, steak, sizzle
Point # 3 and sub-points: steak, sizzle, steak, sizzle
Conclusion
SUMMARY
WIFM again
GRAB again

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GRAB ATTENTION WITH A GREAT INTRODUCTION

Ask a question
Tell a story that relates to the topic
Show interesting facts and statistics
Use an object
Use a scenario (“imagine that… ”)
Use some humor

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CONTINUE WITH THE MAIN CONTENT OF YOUR
PRESENTATION

Main point 11 Select 3 to 5 main points

Add support material

Main point 21 for each main point
• Stories, facts, statistics
Main point 31

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PREPARE YOUR PRESENTATION

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45
SIZZLE

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DRESS UP THE PRESENTATION BODY

Storyboard your presentation

Add sizzle every 6 minutes (some ideas):

Use stories and examples

Quote an interesting or unusual authority

Find common ground with your audience

Dazzle your audience with props (use objects)

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BE CREATIVE IN PRESENTING

• Use interesting video

• Use music
• Self-disclose
• Talk about your hobby
• Involve your audience
• Make your audience laugh
• Ask questions
• Give a quote or an anecdote
• Share a personal note
• New twist on familiar 48
PREPARE YOUR PRESENTATION SUPPORT

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THE TITLE OF YOUR SLIDE SHOULD REFLECT THE MAIN IDEA OF THE SLIDE

• Each point in the slide should prove the main idea

• And give a demonstration or more details

• Or illustrate the main idea

• Often illustrations speak better than words

• Keep character size readable from the last row

• Use 3 to 5 points in a slide

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AVOID

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AVOID

Writing too small

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AVOID

Unreadible background and/or fonts colours

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AVOID

Too many slide transitions

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AT LAST (OUPS)…CHECK SPELLING

embarrass yourself !
Don’t embarras

embarass

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STYLE

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WHAT DO CHARISMATIC SPEAKERS DO?

They smile

They use direct eye contact

They nod in agreement

They speak with energy and enthousiasme

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YOUR VOICE AND YOUR BODY

Efficient
Vary voice rythme and volume
Vary the speech rythme
Voice
Use strategic pauses

Efficient Get trained!

body Synchronize with the words
language Use appropriate movements

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LOOKING AT YOUR AUDIENCE

Look at everybody eyeball to eyeball (3 to 5 s)

« Scan » the audience

Match who you are looking at and the content of your

presentation

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WATCH YOUR POSTURE WHILE STANDING

• Take up the space

• Be flexible
• Keep shoulders down
• Get your elbows away from your side
• Move your arms to enhance speech
• Nod in agreement when spoken to
• Smile

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LOOKING FORWARD TO YOUR
PRESENTATIONS!

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USING YOUR VOICE

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HOW DO WE PERCEIVE VOICES?

LOUD
VOICES
enthousiasme and Sarcasme and
confidence impatience?

SOFT VOICES

LACK OF
HONESTY AND KNOWLEDGE OR
EMPATHY? LACK OF
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CONFIDENCE?
MODULATE YOUR TONE AND VOLUME

Be aware of the impression it will give

Adapt to the audience (size, culture)
Vary
Use pauses and silence

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ADAPT THE SPEED

Vary

Adapt to the audience and to the content

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WATCH YOUR PITCH

Avoid going high pitch even if under stress

If feel stressed postpone the answer for few seconds

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ARTICULATE

Move your lips widely

Get trained: pronounce difficult sentences several times before the presentation
In an international audience articulate even more

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BREATHE

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CONTROL YOUR NERVOUSNESS

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CONTROL NERVOUSNESS

Never say “nervous”:

the adrenalin that hits in

will help you!

Think positive
thoughts:
“I can’t wait. The audience
will love this. I really enjoy
speaking”.
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BEHAVE LIKE A DUCK

Stay calm on the surface but paddle actively underneath.

Do what pros do: fake your calm!

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SOOTHE YOUR SYMPTOMS

Dry mouth Bring your water

Relax,
Pounding heart breathe

Avoid caffeine and

Knot in stomach large meals. Move

Drink lemon juice and

Hoarse voice hot tea

Prepare easy-to-read
Mind goes blank support. Turn to the
audience for questions
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RELAX BEFORE THE PRESENTATION

Start your pre-speech relaxation in advance:

Breathe deeply

Visualize your favorite place

Listen to music

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PREPARE, PREPARE, PREPARE!

Know your audience.

Use good presentation support: slides, notes, main points…
Rehearse six times.
Practice using your presentation support.
Know the first 3 minutes of your talk by heart.
Know how to expand or shrink
your talk time if necessary.
Write down the 20 questions
the audience is most likely to
ask – and the answers.
Make a checklist of supplies or
equipment you will need.

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DON’T PANIC, STAY COOL AND COMPOSED

Losing your place in the presentation

Follow your slides
Take a break
Involve audience

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DON’T PANIC, STAY COOL AND COMPOSED

Too much material

Zoom in on your most
important message. Do not
try to say everything.

Too little material

End early
Involve audience in an
activity or discussion

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DON’T PANIC, STAY COOL AND COMPOSED

Equipment fails
Have a back-up plan
Take a break
Ask for audience help
Apologize once then continue

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BE YOUR BEST PRESENTATION SUPPORT

Dress appropriately
What does audience expect you to wear?

Communicate eyeball to eyeball

3 to 5 seconds per person
Avoid
Gazing above or below their eye level
Eye surfing
Looking at other things (your notes) rather than your audience

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ADAPT BEHAVIOR

Smile … and adapt your smile to your audience culture

Gesture, move, avoid letting your hands touch

If you do not know what to do with your arms, let them hang loosely by your side

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 CHECK EVERYTHING BEFORE THE PRESENTATION

Arrive early

Check the equipment

Set up your presentation

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DO’S

Smile
Take your time
Never hold objects that can show that you “shake”
Act like you know what you are doing
Keep your talk conversational, imagine that you speak to a group of friends in
your living room
Be yourself
Commit to having a good time
Breathe

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AND DONT’S

Using one gesture

Using one vocal characteristic
Unnatural delivery
Moving randomly
Random hand movements
Looking at only one side of the audience
Looking above audience’s heads
Using verbal pauses
Remaining stiff
Over-gesturing distractions
Over-reliance on notes

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EVALUATE YOUR STYLE

Behavior Advised behavior

Gestures Lively and comfortable, avoid getting stuck in one
position
Smile Good amount of smile for my audience culture
Eye-contact 3 to 5 seconds mini-conversations
Voice Lively and energetic
Pause Used lots of pauses effectively
Volume Appropriate for the size of the group
Volume Varied loud and soft
Whole body movement Used the space well
Facial expression Avoided stone-faced, the face was a messenger for the
message
Appearance Stood out among the crowd; appropriately dressed

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Merci de votre attention.

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