RING THEORY

• PRESENTED BY -SATYAPANA SWAIN

ROLL NO-220705110009
• REGD.NO-220705110009
• BRANCH – M.SC (MATHEMATICS)
• SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE,BHUBANESWAR
• SESSION -2022-2024
• GUIDED BY – MRS.SWARNALATA JENA
 DEFINITION OF RING
• Let ‘R’ be a non empty set with two binary compositions denoted by additively and
mulplicatively then the system (R,+,.)is said to be a ring if it satisfies the following conditions.
• 1.(R+) is a abelian group
• 2.(R, .) is a semi group
• 3.Distributive laws holds
• i.e; a.(b+c)=a.b+b.c
• (b+c)=b.a+c.a for all a,b,c € R
 PROPERTIES OF RING
• COMMUTATIVE RING:-
• A ring ‘R’ is said to be commutative ring if ab=ba for all a,b € R
• RING WITH UNIT ELEMENT:-
• A ring ‘R’ is said to being with unit element if there exist an element 1€ R such that 1.a=a.1=a for
all a € R
• RING WITH ZERO DIVISOR:-
• A ring ‘R’ is said to being with zero divisor property if 0≠a € R then their exists an element 0 ≠b
€R such that either ab=0 (or) ba=0
• RING WITHOUT ZERO DIVISOR:-
• A ring ‘R’ is said to be a ring without zero divisor if ab=0 eithera =0 (or) b=0
 EXAMPLE OF RING
• Example :-
• show that all set of all even integers is a commutative ring without unity element
• Solution:--Let r be the set of all even integers and let usual addition (+) and multiplication (.) are
binary operations on R
• Let R={2x/x€Z}={0,±2, ± 4 , ± 6 ,…… }
• Now we prove that (R,+…)is a commutative ring without unity element
 (R,+) ABELIAN GROUP
• Closure property:-
• Let a,b €R, where a=2x,b=2yandx,y €Z
• Now a+b=2x+2y=2(x+y) € R
• For a,b € R =a+b € R ; closure property holds
• Associative property:-
• Let a,b €R, where a=2x ,b=2y,c=2z and x,y,z €Z
• Now,a+(b+c)=2x+(2y+2z)
• =2x+[2(y+z)]
• =2[x+(y+z)]
• =2(x+y)+z]
• =(2x+2y)+2z =(a+b)+c
• a+(b+c)=(a+b)+c for all a,b,c € R ;associative property holds
 (R,+) ABELIAN GROUP
• Closure property:-
• Let a,b €R, where a=2x,b=2yandx,y €Z
• Now a+b=2x+2y=2(x+y) € R
• For a,b € R =a+b € R ; closure property holds
• Associative property:-
• Let a,b €R, where a=2x ,b=2y,c=2z and x,y,z €Z
• Now,a+(b+c)=2x+(2y+2z)
• =2x+[2(y+z)]
• =2[x+(y+z)]
• =2(x+y)+z]
• =(2x+2y)+2z =(a+b)+c
• a+(b+c)=(a+b)+c for all a,b,c € R ;associative property holds
 Existance of identity:-
Let a €R, where a=2x,x €Z
Since 0 €Z,2.0 €R =0 €R
now,
a+0=2x+0=2x+2.0=2(x+0)=2x=a
Similarly we can prove 0+a=a
‘0’is the identity element in R
:Identity property holds
Existance of inverse:- Commutative property:-
Let a €R, where a=2x,x €Z Let a,b €R,
Since x €Z,-x € Z =2(-X) € R where a=2x,b=2y,x,y €Z
Let b=2(-x) Now,a+b=2x+2y
now, =2(x+y)
a=+b=2x+2(-x)=2x-2x=0 =2(y+x) =2y+2x
Similarly we can prove b+a=0 =b+a
‘b’is inverse of a a+b=b+a for all a,b €R
:Inverse property holds
: commutative property holds
 (R,.) IS A SEMI GROUP
• Closure property:-
• Let a,b €R, where a=2x,b=2yandx,y €Z
• Now a.b=2x.2y=2(2xy) € R
• For a,b € R =ab € R
• ; closure property holds
• Associative property:-
• Let a,b €R,where a=2x ,b=2y,c=2z and x,y,z €Z
• Now,a(bc)=2x(2y.2z)=8xyz
• (ab)c = (2x.2y)2z=8xyz
• a(bc)=(ab)c for all a,b,c € R
• ;associative property holds
 DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
• Left distribution property:- • Right distribution property:-

• Let a,b,c €R, • Let a,b,c €R,

• where a=2x ,b=2y,c=2z and x,y,z €Z • where a=2x ,b=2y,c=2z and x,y,z €Z

• Now,a+(b+c)=2x+(2y+2z) • Now,(b+c).a=(2y+2z)2x

• =2x+[2(y+z)] • =[2(y+z)]2x

• =4x(y+z) • =4x(y+z)

• • =4xy+4xz
=4xy+4xz
• Now ba+ca=(2y.2x)+(2z.2x)=4xy+4xz
• Now ab+ac=(2x.2y)+(2x.2z)=4xy+4xz
• (b+c).a=ba+ca for all a,b,c € R
• a.(b+c)=ab+ac for all a,b,c € R
• Right distribution property holds
• Left distribution property holds
THANK YOU