MOVEMENT

IN
MAN
By Nickoye Williams
 What is Movement

Movement can be defined as the act

of moving the body or a part of the
body from one location to another.
One of the important characteristics
of living things is movement.
Amoeboid, ciliary, and muscular
motions are the three primary
categories.
movements seen in plants and animals

Growth movement in plants and locomotion in animals are two distinct

types of movements, each serving different purposes and occurring in
different ways.
 movements seen in plants and animals
Growth movement in plants is the gradual and irreversible increase in size or mass
01
of plant organs or structures over time. Plants exhibit various growth movements in
response to environmental stimuli.

Examples include: phototropism which is the growth movements of plants in response to light and
geo-tropisms which is plants respond to gravity.

Locomotion in animals is the movement of the entire organism from one place to
02 another. Animals have specialised structures and mechanisms for locomotion, enabling
them to move in their environment actively.

Walking is the primary mode for animals like humans, dogs, and elephants, where they move by lifting and placing their
legs alternately. Birds, bats, and insects have wings that enable them to fly, and they achieve locomotion by flapping their
wings and generating lift.
 The importance of
locomotion/movements in plants
and animals
Obtaining resources

• Plants: In order to conduct photosynthesis and

absorb nutrients from the soil, plants undergo
growth movements. For example, sunflowers
will turn their heads to follow the sun's path to
maximize sunlight absorption.

• Animals: The need for food and water sources

causes animals to move around. Predators
actively hunt for prey, while herbivores search
for suitable plants to eat.
 The importance of
locomotion/movements in plants
and animals
Escape and defence

Plants like the sensitive Mimosa pudica have evolved

to move rapidly when touched to deter herbivores
from feeding on them. Similarly, animals use
movement as a primary defense mechanism for
escaping predators. A good example is the gazelle,
which is known for its incredible agility and ability to
outrun lions.
 The importance of
locomotion/movements in
plants and animals
Hunting and Predation
Plants, such as the Venus flytrap, have developed
unique movements to obtain nutrients by capturing
and digesting insects. Additionally, various forms of
movement, such as stalking, chasing, and pouncing,
are used by predators to capture their prey. These
movements are observed across all living
organisms.
Functions of
the skeleton
 Functions of the Skeleton
• Protection for the internal organs. The skull protects the brain and sense organs of the head, t
vertebral column protects the spinal cord, and the ribs and sternum protect the lungs and heart.

• Support for the soft parts of the body. This is mainly carried out by the vertebral column, pelvic gird
and legs.

• Movement; The skeleton is jointed and muscles work across these joints to bring about movement. T
vertebral column and limbs are mainly responsible for movement.

• Manufacture of blood cells. Red blood cells, most white blood cells and platelets are manufactured
the red bone marrow found in flat bones, e.g. the pelvis, scapula, ribs, sternum, cranium and vertebra
and in the ends of long bones, e.g. the humerus and femur.
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and
sternum:

• The skull is made up of the cranium and upper jaw which are fused,
and the lower jaw which
articulates with the upper jaw. The skull protects the brain and the
sense organs of the head.

• The vertebral column is composed of 33 bones known as vertebrae.

The column supports the body, provides points of attachment for the
girdles and many muscles, and protects the spinal cord that
runs through it. It also allows some movement.

• The ribs are attached to the vertebral column dorsally and the
sternum ventrally. They form a
curved, bony cage that protects the heart and lungs, and movement
of the ribs is essential for
breathing
The appendicular skeleton is
composed of the pectoral
girdle, the pelvic girdle, the
arms (forelimbs)
and the legs (hindlimbs).
Both the arms and the legs
are built on the same basic
pattern known as the
pentadactyl limb.
TYPES OF
MUSCLES
 DEFINITION OF ANTOGONISTIC

Antagonistic Muscle is a muscle that opposes the action of another. For example, when the triceps oppose the contraction of
the flexing biceps by relaxing, the triceps would be regarded as the antagonistic muscle to the biceps whereas the biceps, the
agonist muscle.
JOINTS
Joints are formed where two bones meet. There are three main types of joints:

• Immoveable joints or fibrous joints. The bones are joined firmly together by fibres allowing no
movement, e.g. the cranium is made of several bones joined by immovable joints.

• Partially movable joints or cartilaginous joints. The bones are separated by cartilage p
ads which allow slight movement, e.g. the vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs of cartilage.

• Moveable joints or synovial joints. The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with articular cartilage and are
separated by synovial fluid. The bones are held together by ligaments, which are tough and elastic to prevent dislocation,
but still allow movement. There are two types of moveable
joints:

Hinge joints are formed when the ends of bones meet. They allow movement in one plane and
are capable of bearing heavy loads, e.g. the elbow, knee, finger and toe joints.

Ball and socket joints are formed where a ball at the end of one bone fits into a socket in the
other bone. They allow movement in all planes, e.g. the shoulder and hip joints.
ANNOTATED SYNOVIAL JOINT
DIAGRAM
 MOVEMENT OF THE HUMAN
FORELIMB
The biceps and triceps muscles move the radius and ulna causing the elbow joint to bend
or straighten.

• The biceps is the flexor muscle. Its origin is on the scapula, which does not move, and its insertion
is on the radius close to the elbow joint.

• The triceps is the extensor muscle. Its origin is on the scapula and top of the humerus, which do not
move, and its insertion is on the ulna close to the elbow joint.

To bend the elbow joint, the biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes. To straighten the elbow joint, the triceps contracts and
the biceps relaxes.
MOVEMENT OF HUMAN FORELIMB cont’D
 KEY ROLE DESCRIPTIONS TO
NOTE
Tendons- When you contract (squeeze) your muscle, your tendon pulls the attached bone, causing it to move.
Tendons essentially work as levers to move your bones as your muscles contract and expand. Tendons are stiffer than
muscles and have great strength

Tendons of origin- These tough, fibrous connective tissues connect muscle to bone and serve as the anchor point where
muscles originate.

Tendons of insertion- These fibrous connective tissues connect muscles to the bones they act upon, specifically
at the point of muscle attachment.

Ligaments- Ligaments often connect two bones together, particularly in the joints: Like strong, firmly attached straps
or ropes, they stabilize the joint or hold the ends of two bones together. This ensures that the bones in the joint don't
twist too much or move too far apart and become dislocated.
T h a n k
yo u!