Dispensing

Prescriptions 配药
处方
Teacher: Precious Junorm P. Fulgarinas
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the discussion :
在讨论结束时：
students are expected to acquire knowledge
01 regarding the various components of a
prescription. 学生应获得有关处方各个组成部分的知
识。

students are expected to have a comprehensive

02 understanding of the dispensing process and be
able to articulate each step accurately. 学生应全
面了解点胶过程，并能够准确地表达每个步骤。
 INTRODUCTION
Dispensing prescriptions refers to the process of
preparing and providing medications to patients based
on a valid prescription issued by a healthcare
professional, typically a physician. It is an essential part
of the healthcare system and plays a crucial role in
ensuring that patients receive the correct medications
in the appropriate dosage.
配药是指根据医疗保健专业人员（通常是医生）开具的
有效处方准备和向患者提供药物的过程。它是医疗保健
系统的重要组成部分，在确保患者获得适当剂量的正确
药物方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
 WHAT IS PRESCRIPTION?
Prescription is a written or electronic order that
authorizes the dispensing and administration of a
specific medication or treatment for an individual
patient. It is issued by a qualified healthcare
professional who has the authority to prescribe
medications. The specific healthcare professionals
authorized to write prescriptions vary depending
on the country and its regulations.
处方是书面或电子命令，授权为个别患者配发
和管理特定药物或治疗。它由有权开药的合格
医疗保健专业人员签发。授权开具处方的特定
医疗保健专业人员因国家 / 地区及其法规而异。
 PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION
处方部分
1.PRESCRIBERS INFORMATION
1. 处方者信息
2.DATE OF PRESCRIPTION
2. 开具处方日期
3.PATIENT INFORMATION
3. 患者信息
4.(RX) SUPERSCRIPTION
4. （ RX ）上标
5.INSCRIPTION 5. 题词
6.SUBSCRIPTION 6. 订阅
7.SIGNA 7. 西格纳
8.PHYSICIANS SIGNATURE 8. 医师签名
This includes the name, professional title or 这包括姓名、专业头衔或称号、联系信
designation, contact information, and sometimes the 息，有时还包括开具处方的医疗保健专
license or registration number of the healthcare 业人员的执照或注册号。它有助于识别
professional issuing the prescription. It helps identify the
prescriber and provides a means of contact if needed.
处方者，并在需要时提供联系方式。

• PRESCRIBERS INFO 处方者信息

• PATIENTS INFO 患者信息

• DATE OF PRESCRIPTION 处方日期

• (RX) SUPERSCRIPTION （接收）标题

• INSCRIPTION 题词

• SUBSCRIPTION 订阅

• SIGNA 西格纳

• PRESCRIBER SIGNATURE 医师签名

This includes the patient's full name, age 这包括患者的全名、年龄或出生日期、性
or date of birth, gender, and sometimes 别，有时还包括其他识别信息（例如地
additional identifying information (e.g., 址、联系电话）。它确保处方是针对目标
address, contact number). It ensures that 患者的。
the prescription is specific to the intended
patient.
• PRESCRIBERS INFO 处方者信息

• PATIENTS INFO 患者信息

• DATE OF PRESCRIPTION 处方日期

• (RX) SUPERSCRIPTION （接收）标题

• INSCRIPTION 题词

• SUBSCRIPTION 订阅

• SIGNA 西格纳

• PRESCRIBER SIGNATURE 医师签名

The date of the prescription indicates when it
was issued. It helps establish the currency of
the prescription and is important for tracking
medication usage and adherence. 处方的日期
表示处方的签发时间。它有助于确定处方的货
币，对于跟踪药物使用和依从性非常重要。

• PRESCRIBERS INFO 处方者信息

• PATIENTS INFO 患者信息

• DATE OF PRESCRIPTION 处方日期

• (RX) SUPERSCRIPTION （接收）标题

• INSCRIPTION 题词

• SUBSCRIPTION 订阅

• SIGNA 西格纳

• PRESCRIBER SIGNATURE 医师签名

• PRESCRIBERS INFO 处方者信息

• PATIENTS INFO 患者信息

• DATE OF PRESCRIPTION 处方日期

• (RX) SUPERSCRIPTION （接收）标题

• INSCRIPTION 题词

• SUBSCRIPTION 订阅

• SIGNA 西格纳

• PRESCRIBER SIGNATURE 医师签名

Medication prescribed, The name of the 开具的药物，药物名称书写或打字清
medication is written or typed clearly to ensure 晰，以确保准确识别。它可能包括通用
accurate identification. It may include the generic 名称（药物的活性成分）或品牌名称
name (the drug's active ingredient) or the brand （制药公司使用的特定商品名称）。
name (a specific trade name used by a
pharmaceutical company).
• PRESCRIBERS INFO 处方者信息

• PATIENTS INFO 患者信息

• DATE OF PRESCRIPTION 处方日期

• (RX) SUPERSCRIPTION （接收）标题

• INSCRIPTION 题词

• SUBSCRIPTION 订阅

• SIGNA 西格纳

• PRESCRIBER SIGNATURE 医师签名

Dispensing instruction to pharmacist
药剂师配药指导

• PRESCRIBERS INFO 处方者信息

• PATIENTS INFO 患者信息

• DATE OF PRESCRIPTION 处方日期

• (RX) SUPERSCRIPTION （接收）标题

• INSCRIPTION 题词

• SUBSCRIPTION 订阅

• SIGNA 西格纳

• PRESCRIBER SIGNATURE 医师签名

Direction to patient 患者指示

• PRESCRIBERS INFO 处方者信息

• PATIENTS INFO 患者信息

• DATE OF PRESCRIPTION 处方日期

• (RX) SUPERSCRIPTION （接收）标题

• INSCRIPTION 题词

• SUBSCRIPTION 订阅

• SIGNA 西格纳

• PRESCRIBER SIGNATURE 医师签名

• PRESCRIBERS INFO 处方者信息

• PATIENTS INFO 患者信息

• DATE OF PRESCRIPTION 处方日期

• (RX) SUPERSCRIPTION （接收）标题

• INSCRIPTION 题词

• SUBSCRIPTION 订阅

• SIGNA 西格纳

• PRESCRIBER SIGNATURE 医师签名

ACTIVITY 1: IDENTIFY WHICH IS COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE
PRESCRIPTION : 确定哪个是完整的处方，哪个是不完整的处方 :
ACTIVITY 2: IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF
PRESCRIPTION
活动 2 ：确定处方的组成部分

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
PRECIOUS PILAPIL
 THE DISPENSING CYCLE 点胶周期
接收和验证

解释处方
分配和咨询

记录所采取的操作

进行最终检查 准备和标记要发放的物料
01 RECEIVING AND VERIFYING
PRESCRIPTION 接收和验证处方
Upon receiving a prescription, the staff member responsible should
confirm the name of the patient. This action is particularly important
when the clinic is dealing with a large crowd of people and when there
is any risk that staff or patients may mix up prescriptions. Cross-
checking the name and identity of the patient must also be done when
issuing the medicines. (The use of matching numbers or symbols-one
attached to the prescription, and one given to the patient-can also
contribute to making sure the right patient gets the right medicines and
is especially helpful in situations where many people share the same
surname.) 接到处方后，负责的工作人员应确认患者的姓名。当诊所与
大量人群打交道时，以及当工作人员或患者可能混淆处方的任何风险
时，此操作尤为重要。在发放药物时，还必须对患者的姓名和身份进行
交叉检查。（使用匹配的数字或符号 - 一个附在处方上，一个给患者
- 也有助于确保正确的患者获得正确的药物，并且在许多人使用相同
姓氏的情况下特别有用。
 RECEIVING and VERIFYING PRESCRIPTION
接收和验证处方
Prescription is reviewed to see which medicines are
required and to note patient details. 审查处方以查看需要
哪些药物并记下患者详细信息。

Pharmacy staff should check:

 patient’s name and address 患者的姓名和地址
 age of patient 患者年龄
 name, dose and quantity of medicine 药物名称、剂量和数量
 Date –valid for a month 日期 – 有效期为一个月
 prescriber’s name and address 处方者的姓名和地址
 Signature of prescriber 处方者签名
 Legality and authenticity of document 文件的合法性和真实性
02 UNDERSTAND AND INTERPRET THE
PRESCRIPTION 理解和解释处方
Understand and interpret the prescription
Interpreting a prescription must be done by a staff member who can-
口译处方必须由一名工作人员完成，该工作人员可以：

● Read the prescription

● 阅读处方
● Correctly interpret any abbreviations used by the prescriber
● 正确解释处方者使用的任何缩写
● Confirm that the doses prescribed are in the normal range for the
patient (noting sex and age)
● 确认处方剂量在患者的正常范围内（注意性别和年龄）
● Correctly perform any calculations of dose and issue quantity
● 正确执行剂量和问题数量的任何计算
● Identify any common drug-drug interactions
● 识别任何常见的药物相互作用
● Correctly interpret any abbreviations used by the prescriber 正确解
释处方者使用的任何缩写
Examples of administration instructions
● a.c. before food
● b.d. to be taken twice daily
● o.d. every day
● o.m. every morning
● o.n. every night
● p.c. after food
● p.r.n. as required
● q.d.s. to be taken four times daily
● stat immediately
● t.d.s. to be taken three times daily
03 PREPARE AND LABEL ITEMS FOR ISSUE
准备和标记要发放的物料
PREPARE AND LABEL ITEMS FOR ISSUE
准备和标记要发放的物料

Preparation of items for issue is the central part of the dispensing

process, and it must include procedures for self- checking or
counter-checking to ensure accuracy. This part of the process
begins after the prescription is clearly understood and the quantity
has been calculated. It is good practice to write the label at this point
as a form of self-check. 准备发放物品是配药过程的核心部分，它必
须包括自检或反检程序，以确保准确性。这部分过程在清楚地理解处
方并计算出数量后开始。此时将标签写成一种自我检查形式是一种很
好的做法。
 PREPARE AND LABEL ITEMS FOR ISSUE
准备和标记要发放的物料

Select stock container or prepack. 选择库存容器或预包装。

A good dispenser selects the item by reading the label and cross-matching the
product name and strength against the prescription. The dispenser should
check the stock to make sure that it has not expired and choose the oldest
stock (first-in/first-out) or first expiry, depending on the stock rotation method
used. Most well-trained staff members deliberately read the container label at
least twice during the dispensing process (see Figure 30-4).
一个好的配药师通过阅读标签并将产品名称和强度与处方进行交叉匹配来选择项
目。分配器应检查库存以确保其未过期，并根据所使用的库存轮换方法选择最旧
的库存（先进先出）或先过期。大多数训练有素的工作人员在分配过程中会故意
至少阅读两次容器标签（见图 30-4 ）。
 PREPARE AND LABEL ITEMS FOR ISSUE
准备和标记要发放的物料
During this step, pharmacist intervention to decrease occurrence of
dispensing errors includes:
在此步骤中，药剂师干预以减少配药错误的发生，包括：

 care in selecting the appropriate strength; there are medicines

that are available in different strengths (e.g. amoxicillin 250 and
500 mg capsules, atenolol 25, 50 and 100 mg tablets)
 care in selecting the appropriate dosage form; there are
medicines that are available in different dosage forms (e.g.
diclofenac gel, tablets, modified-release tablets, suppositories).
 谨慎选择合适的强度 ; 有不同强度的药物（例如阿莫西林 250 和 500 毫克
胶囊、阿替洛尔 25 、 50 和 100 毫克片剂）
 注意选择适当的剂型 ; 有不同剂型的药物（例如双氯芬酸凝胶、片剂、缓释片
剂、栓剂）。
PREPARE AND LABEL ITEMS FOR ISSUE
准备和标记要发放的物料
 care in selecting appropriate medicine; there are some
medicines that have very similar names.
 谨慎选择适当的药物 ; 有些药物的名称非常相似。

Be careful with SALAD and HAM

“SOUND ALIKE LOOK ALIKE DRUGS”
“ HIGH ALERT MEDICINE” (NARROW THERAPEUTIC INDEX)
TALL-MAN LETTERING
Liquids must be measured in a clean
vessel and should be poured from the
stock bottle with the label kept
upward. Using this technique avoids
damage to the label from any spilled
or dripping liquid (see Figure 30-5).

液体必须在干净的容器中测量，并应从
库存瓶中倒出，标签朝上。使用这种技
术可以避免任何溢出或滴落的液体损坏
标签（见图 30-5 ）。
Tablets and capsules can be counted with or
without the assistance of a counting device
(see Figure 30-6). The most important rule to
follow is that the dispenser's hands must not
be in direct contact with the medicine. Using
the hands is bad practice for both hygienic
and product quality reasons.
片剂和胶囊可以在有或没有计数装置的帮助下
进行计数（见图 30-6 ）。要遵循的最重要的
规则是配药员的手不得直接接触药物。出于卫
生和产品质量的原因，使用手是不好的做法。
 LABEL PRODUCTION

The label should be clear and legible

to ensure that the patient takes the
medicine as prescribed. The
information presented must be
understood by the patient. 标 签 应 清
晰易读，以确保患者按处方服药。所提供的
信息必须为患者所理解。
 LABEL PRODUCTION
Details to be included on label:
• patient’s name 患者姓名
• date of dispensing 配药日期
• name of pharmacy/prepared by 药房名称 / 编制者
• name of medicine 药品名称
• strength 强度
• dosage form 剂型
• dose with clear instructions 剂量有明确的说明
• cautionary labels. 警示标签。
 LABEL PRODUCTION
To avoid confusion, where several
containers of the same medicine
must be dispensed, it should be
indicated on the label that there is
more than one container of the
same medicine (e.g. 1 of 4, 2 of 4).
Advantages of pictorial labeling:

• Enhanced comprehension
• Improved adherence
• Language-independent
• Increased safety
• Increased patient engagement
• Prevention of medication errors
• Support for diverse populations
• Regulatory compliance

图片标签的优点：
• 增强理解力
• 提高依从性
• 与语言无关
• 提高安全性
• 提高患者参与度
• 预防用药错误
• 支持不同人群
• 法规遵从性
Auxiliary labels are
supplementary to a prescription
label — they provide extra
information for the patient to
ensure that medicine
administration, use, and storage
are done in the proper way.
辅助标签是对处方标签的补充，
它们为患者提供额外的信息，以
确保以正确的方式进行药物管
理、使用和储存。
04 MAKE A FINAL CHECK 进行最终检查

At this point, the dispensed preparation should be checked against the

prescription and against the stock containers used. Although this step can
be done as a self-check, it is valuable to have the final check done by
another staff member. The final check should include reading and
interpreting the prescription before looking at the dispensed medicines;
checking the appropriateness of doses prescribed and checking for drug
interactions; checking the identity of the medicine dispensed; checking the
labels; and finally countersigning the prescription. 此时，应根据处方和使用
的库存容器检查配制的制剂。虽然这一步可以作为自我检查来完成，但由另
一名工作人员完成最终检查是很有价值的。最后的检查应包括在查看配发的
药物之前阅读和解释处方 ; 检查处方剂量的适当性并检查药物相互作用 ; 核对
所配药的身份 ; 检查标签 ; 最后在处方上签字。
 RECORD ACTION TAKEN
05 记录所采取的操作
Records of issues to patients are essential in an efficiently run dispensary. Such records can be used
to verify the stocks used in dispensing, and they will be required if a need arises to trace any
problems with medicines issued to patients. Three different methods can be used to keep a record of
medicines dispensed. When the prescription is retained, the dispenser should initial and annotate the
prescription with strength and quantities dispensed and either file it or enter the details into a record
book as soon as time is available. When the prescription is returned to the patient, details of the
medicines dispensed must be entered into a record book before the items are issued to the patient.
The date, the patient's name and age, the medicine name and strength, the amount issued, and the
dispenser's name should be entered into the register. When dispensers use computers to record the
dispensing details, the computer program should retain the information, which can then be recalled to
generate summary reports.
向患者记录问题对于高效运营的药房至关重要。这些记录可用于验证配药中使用的库存，如果需要追踪
发给患者的药物的任何问题，则需要这些记录。可以使用三种不同的方法来记录配药情况。保留处方
后，配药员应在处方上注明配药的强度和数量，并在有时间后立即将其归档或将详细信息输入记录簿。
当处方退还给患者时，在将物品发给患者之前，必须将配发药物的详细信息输入记录簿。日期、患者姓
名和年龄、药物名称和强度、发放金额以及配药员姓名应输入登记册。当配药员使用计算机记录配药细
节时，计算机程序应保留该信息，然后可以调用这些信息以生成摘要报告。
06
ISSUE MEDICINE TO THE PATIENT WITH CLEAR
INSTRUCTIONS AND ADVICE
第 6 步。向患者发放药物，并提供明确的指示和建议
Recall: WHAT ARE THE 6 STEPS IN DISPENSING CYCLE?
Recall: WHAT ARE THE 6 STEPS IN DISPENSING CYCLE?
The medicine must be given to the named patient, or the patient's
representative, with clear instructions and any appropriate
advice about the medicine. The appropriate level of
informational detail about possible side effects varies from patient
to patient. Verbal advice is important, because illiteracy and poor
labeling may both be problems. 药物必须给予指定的患者或患者代
表，并附有明确的说明和有关药物的任何适当建议。关于可能副作用的适
当信息详细程度因患者而异。口头建议很重要，因为文盲和标签不当都可
能是问题。
 ADVICE SHOULD BE CONCENTRATE TO:
建议应集中于：
• When to take the medicine (particularly in relation to food and other
medicines)
• How to take the medicine (chewed, swallowed whole, taken with plenty of
water, etc.)
• How to store the medicine
Warnings about possible side effects should be given cautiously. Common
but harmless side effects (nausea, mild diarrhea, urine changing color)
should be mentioned to prevent a frightened patient from stopping the
treatment.
• 何时服药（尤其是与食物和其他药物有关的药物）
• 如何服药（咀嚼、整粒吞服、用大量水送服等）
• 如何储存药物
应谨慎地警告可能的副作用。应提及常见但无害的副作用（恶心、轻度腹
泻、尿液变色），以防止受惊的患者停止治疗。
THANK
YOU