Chapter 2-1 Motion in One Dimension

Chapter 2
Motion in One
Dimension
Details and Figures in this presentation are taken from: Halliday, David, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker.
Principles of Physics, 10 th Ed, University Physics by Young and Freedman, 11 th Ed, Physics for Scientists
and Engineers by Serway, 5th Ed, Physics for Scientists and engineers by Giancoli 3 rd Ed, and many
websites like physicsclassroom.com, HyperPhysics.com & Past exams of PHYCS 101 Department of
Physics at UoB.
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Classical Mechanics
As a first step in studying classical mechanics, we describe the
motion of an object while ignoring external agents that might be
affecting or modifying that motion.
Kinematics
Kinematics is the science of describing
the motion of objects using words,
diagrams, numbers, graphs, and equations.
Kinematics
The goal of any study of kinematics is to develop models
which serve to describe (explain) the motion of real-world
objects.
In this chapter, we consider only motion in one dimension,
that is, motion of a particle along a straight line.
What is Particle?
A particle is a point-like object, that is, an object that
has mass but is of infinitesimal size.

Coordinate System & Position
A particle’s
position x is the
location of the
particle with
respect to a
chosen reference
point that we can
consider to be the
origin of a
coordinate system.

Position –Time Graph
The motion of a particle is completely known if the particle’s
position in space is known at all times.

Position –Time Graph
 Positions to the right of

the origin are positive.
 Positions to the left of
the origin are negative.
Describe the motion of the

particle with the given graph.
Distance & Displacement
https://youtu.be/21BwUNDOQno?t=2
Useful Rule: Distance  Displacement

Useful Rule: Distance  Displacement

Displacement
Displacement is the difference between the
final position, xf, and the initial position, xi.
A displacement to the right will be a positive

displacement: x > 0 since xi < xf .
Starting with xi = 60 m and ending at xf = 150 m, the displacement

is: x = xf - xi = 150 m - 60 m = 90 m
Displacement
Displacement is the difference between the
final position, xf, and the initial position, xi.
A displacement to the left will be a negative

displacement: x < 0 since xi > xf .
Starting with xi = 150 m and ending at xf = 60 m, the

displacement is:
x = xf - xi = 60 m - 150 m = - 90 m
Distance tells how far away something is from
something else but does not tell us whether it is
to the right or to the left.
Distance is always positive
We will usually
measure distance
or displacement
in units of meters
(m). They could
also be measured
in centimeters
(cm) or
kilometers (km)
or even miles
(mi).
Test Problem
A girl walks 20 meters due North, 40 meters Westward, and
20 meters due South. Her final displacement is:
North
a) 40 m East
b) 40 m West
40m
c) 20 m North
d) 20 m South 20m 20m
East
e) 50 m Northwest
Displacement = 20m North +20m South + 40m West

= 40m West

How to find the displacement in this case?

Are Speed & Velocity Same?
Speed tells how fast an object is moving
without saying anything about its direction.
Speed is always positive

(Scalar quantity).
Speed is the distance traveled during unit time.

Dis tan ce

Time
Are Speed & Velocity Same?
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
Displacement
x 
Time
Velocity is positive if an object is moving to the
right and it is negative if an object is moving to
the left (Vector quantity).

Average Velocity
Average velocity is displacement divided by time. We will
usually measure velocity in units of m/s, and km/h.
x x f  xi
 x ,avg  
Example t t f  ti
If a motorcycle travels 20 m in 2 s, then its average velocity

is: x 20 m
 x ,avg    10 m / s
t 2s
Average Speed
Average speed is total distance divided by the time taken
to cover it. We will usually measure speed in units of m/s,
and km/h.
d
 avg 
t

Example
If an antique car travels 45 km in 3 h, then its average

velocity is:
x 45 km
 x ,avg    15 km / h
t 3h
If an antique car travels 45 km in 3 h, then its average speed

is:
d 45 km
 avg    15 km / h
t 3h
Graphical Representation of Average
Velocity
x x f  xi
 x ,avg  
t t f  t i

Example
The position time graph for a particle moving along the positive x-
axis is shown below. Find its average velocity between A and D,
Solution
x-t Graph

Slope = x,avg
x
 x ,avg 
t
40 m
 x ,avg 
3 .0 s
 x ,avg  13.3 m/s
How to tell more from the slope?

Interpretation of Position vs. Time Graph

Instantaneous Velocity
x
t
x
 x  lim = Slope of tangent at that point
t 0 t

The instantaneous velocity is the velocity
"right now", the velocity at some particular
moment. We usually shorten that and say
simply "the velocity". This limit is the
derivative: x dx
 x  lim 
t 0 t dt
The instantaneous speed is the magnitude (value) of velocity.

Test Problem
The position of a particle moving along the x is given by:
x (t) = t2, where x in m and t in s. Its velocity in m/s at t = 2 s
is:
Solution
(a) 2
dx
(b) 4  x 
dt
(c) 6
(d) 8  x (t )  2t
(e) 10  x (2)  2  2  4 m / s

Very Useful Rule
Displacement and distance = Area under velocity vs. time graph
Distance = Add up the absolute value of the area

3 + 6 + 4.5 + 2 + 2 = 17.5 m
Displacement = Add negative and positive areas

3 + 6 + 4.5 - 2 - 2 = 9.5 m
Acceleration
Acceleration is a vector quantity which is defined
as: The rate at which an object changes its
velocity.
An object is accelerating if it is changing its
velocity.
https://youtu.be/vxFYfumAAlY?t=2
Average Acceleration
How fast the velocity is changing. This is the

acceleration: The rate of change of velocity.
 x  xf   xi
a x ,avg  
t t f  ti
it has units of (meters/second)/second or m/s2
Instantaneous Acceleration
Is the acceleration right now, at this particular moment,
this, too, is a derivative,
 x d x d  dx  d x 2
ax  lim     2
 t 0 t dt dt  dt  dt
As with the velocity, we will usually mean the
instantaneous acceleration if we simply say "the
acceleration". We will often restrict ourselves
situations with a constant acceleration; in that case the
average acceleration is the same as the instantaneous
acceleration.
Test Problem
An object moves along the x-axis according to the equation
x = ( t3 -2t2 + 5t – 8) m, where t in seconds. The acceleration of the
object at t = 1 s, in m/s2, is:
Solution
(a) 2
d x d 2 x
(b) 8 a x   2
dt dt
(c) 14
dx
(d) 20  x (t )   3t  4t  5
2
dt
d x
 a x (t )   6t  4
dt
 a x (1)  6  1  4  2 m / s 2

The x-t graph shown below is for a particle
Example moving along the x- axis. Determine its
acceleration and plot a-t graph.
Solution  x
a x   Slope
t
 xf   xi
 ax 
t f  ti
(0  8) cm / s
 ax   1.3 cm / s 2
(6  0) s
a (cm/s2)
t (s)
The particle is moving with -1.3

constant acceleration.
Constant Positive Velocity

Constant Positive Velocity
Time Velocity
(s) (m/s)
0 10
1 10
2 10
3 10
4 10
5 10
Constant Negative Velocity

Positive Velocity
Time Velocity
(s) (m/s)
0 0
1 10
2 20
3 30
4 40
5 50
What do you learn
from the following
graphs?

-t Graph  a-t Graph
2 x  1x  x
aav  x    Slope
t2  t1 t
a (m/s2)
1
t (s)
-2

RULE OF THUMB
Direction of Acceleration and Velocity

Extra Examples

Example At which point(s)
i) The speed is the greatest
ii) The speed is zero
Answer:
i) Point R, the largest slope
ii) Points Q and S, horizontal
tangent line.
Example
At which point(s) the speed is constant?
Answer: Points I
and V, tangent
line has the
same slope @
many nearby
points.

An object with a changing speed would be moving a
different distance each second.

Positive Velocity and Positive Acceleration

Positive Velocity and Negative Acceleration

A particle moves along straight line
Example according to the relation shown in the
figure. How fast is it at t = 3 s?
dx
Solution  x   x (t )  4.2 t  0
dt
 x (3)  4.2  3  12.6 m / s
Position time graph Velocity time graph

Example
A particle moves along straight line according to the
relation shown on the -t graph. calculate its acceleration
at t = 3 s?
Solution
d x
a x 
dt
d x
 a x (t )   4 .2 m / s 2
dt
 a x (3)  4.2 m / s 2

Instantaneous Acceleration
d x
ax   Slope of  x  t graph
dt
The object is moving with

constant acceleration.

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Chapter 2

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

 Positions to the right of

Describe the motion of the

Useful Rule: Distance  Displacement

Useful Rule: Distance  Displacement

A displacement to the right will be a positive

Starting with xi = 60 m and ending at xf = 150 m, the displacement

A displacement to the left will be a negative

Starting with xi = 150 m and ending at xf = 60 m, the

Distance is always positive

Displacement = 20m North +20m South + 40m West

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Speed is always positive

Speed is the distance traveled during unit time.

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

If a motorcycle travels 20 m in 2 s, then its average velocity

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

If an antique car travels 45 km in 3 h, then its average

If an antique car travels 45 km in 3 h, then its average speed

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

The instantaneous speed is the magnitude (value) of velocity.

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Distance = Add up the absolute value of the area

Displacement = Add negative and positive areas

How fast the velocity is changing. This is the

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

The particle is moving with -1.3

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

The object is moving with

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2022-2023

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