15Nutrition

Purpose of food （看看就好）

1. As source of energy /
food supplies energy
for activities
 Purpose of food
2. Promote body growth, repair
damaged body tissues and for
reproduction
Purpose of food

3. Maintain body health

 Purpose of food

4. Regulate 调节 body function

 Type of food and nutrients

Nutrition 营养 :
The process of obtaining and using nutrients from food
 Type of food and nutrients

Nutrients 养分 : Are useful substances in food

that provide energy, material for growth,
development and repair of damaged tissues.
 Rough-
age /
Dietary
fiber

Seven
classes
of food
 Carbohydrates (Sugars)
碳水化合物（糖类）
Source? 要背
Noodle, rice, breads, cereals 燕麦 , oats/grains 五谷类 , potato.
Elements: Carbon 碳 , Hydrogen 氢 , Oxygen
氧
Type of carbohydrate
 Monosaccharide (Simple sugar) 单糖 ( 分子
式 C6H12O6)
Galactose 半乳
Glucose 葡萄糖 Fructose 果糖
糖

Source: Fruits and vegetables

Function: Provide energy
(16kilojoules 千焦耳 /1g)
Disaccharide (Complex sugar) 双糖
Source: Sugarcane, beetroot 甜菜 and milk
Function: Excess glucose is converted to glycogen
and fats for storage

Sucrose 蔗 Lactose 乳糖
Maltose 麦芽糖
糖
 Polysaccharide 多糖
Example:
Starch 淀粉 , Cellulose 纤维素 & Glycogen 肝糖
Source: Rice,
cereal and bread
Function:
Involve in
synthesis 合成
of DNA
How Disaccharides are formed?
双糖如何形成的？

• Glucose + Glucose  Maltose + Water

葡萄糖 + 葡萄糖  麦芽糖 + 水

• Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose + Water

葡萄糖 + 果糖  蔗糖 + 水

• Glucose + Galactose  Lactose + Water

葡萄糖 + 半乳糖  乳糖 + 水
Health problem faced by excess intake of
carbohydrate 过度摄取糖类的健康问题

Obesity 痴肥症

Dental caries 龋 qǔ
PROTEIN
蛋白质
Source:
Fish,
meat,
milk, liver,
cheese,
and soya
beans
Elements: Carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H)
and nitrogen 氮 (N), some may contain sulphur
硫 (S) and phosphorus 磷 (P).
•Monomer is amino acid.
 9 essential 必要 amino acid
and 11 non-essential 非必要 amino
acid
Function of protein: ( 要背）
1) Build new tissues (17kJ 千焦耳 /1g)
2) Promote growth
3) Repair damaged cells or tissues and replace dead cells
4) Build up body structure like hair and nail
5) Formation of enzymes 酶 , hormones 激素 , antibodies
抗体 and haemoglobin 血红素
 Fat 脂质
Source: Butter, animal fat, fish oil and vegetable oil
Elements:
 Saturated fats 饱和脂肪
Sources:
• Butter & Animal fat
Function:
• Provided energy (38kJ 千焦耳 /1g)
• Medium for intake of vitamin A, D, E,
and K
 Unsaturated fats 不饱和脂肪
Sources:
• Fish oil & Vegetable oil
Function:
• Synthesis 合成 of cell membrane
• Heat insulation layer 隔热层 under
skin
• Protect organs from physical injury
 Effect of overtake cholesterol 胆固醇
• When cholesterol levels are high and blood
vessels are blocked, atherosclerosis 动脉粥样
硬化 occurs.
• There is a risk for heart attack and stroke 中风 .
MINERAL SALTS
矿物质
• Inorganic
compounds
无机化合物 .
• Regulate
body
processes.
IRON 铁质
Source: （看看就好）
• Liver, egg yolk, meat, seafood, green vegetables
Function: （看看就好）
• For formation of haemoglobin 血红素
Deficiency Disease:
• Anaemia 贫血
CALCIUM 钙质 & MAGNESIUM 镁质
Source: （看看就好）
• Milk, eggs, anchovies 鳀鱼 , green vegetables
Function: （看看就好）
• For strong bones and teeth
Deficiency Disease:
• Rickets 佝偻病 in children, osteoporosis 骨质疏
松症 in adults
SODIUM 钠质
Source: （看看就好）
• Table salt, cheese, meat, processed food
Function: （看看就好）
• Maintain body fluid balance and proper functioning
of nerves
Deficiency Disease:
• Muscle cramps 抽筋
POTASSIUM 钾质
Source: （看看就好）
• Banana, fish, meat, nuts
Function: （看看就好）
• For nerve and muscle activities, maintain body fluid
balance
Deficiency Disease:
• Weak muscle & paralysis 麻痹
PHOSPHORUS 磷质
Source: （看看就好）
• Cheese, milk, eggs, poultry 家禽 , fish
Function: （看看就好）
• For healthy bones and teeth; helps in muscle
contraction 肌肉收缩
Deficiency Disease:
• Tooth decay, rickets, weak muscle
• Organic compound 有机化合物
• Required in small quantities
• Water soluble vitamin (B, H and C) are not stored in
the body
• Fat soluble vitamin (A, D, E and K) need not to be
consumed everyday. It is absorbed by the body and
stored in the liver
 Water-
soluble
Effect of
deficiency:
• Beri-beri
脚气病
• Muscular
cramps
 Riboflavin
Effect of deficiency:
• Dry and cracked 破裂 skin and mouth sores 口疮
• Inflammation 发炎 of tongue and lips

Water-soluble
 Water-
soluble
Effect of
deficiency:
• Pellagra
糙皮病
(inflammat Niacin /
ion of skin, nicotinic acid
mental
disturbanc
es, and
diarrhoea
腹泻 )
 Water-
soluble

Effect of
Pantothenic
deficiency:
acid
• Grey hair
• Low
immunity
 Water-
soluble
Effect of
deficiency:
• Stunted 迟
缓 growth
Pyridoxine • Fatigue 疲
劳
• Anaemia
• Diarrhoea
 Water-
soluble
Effect of
deficiency:
• Miscarriage
birth 流产
• Spina bifida
脊椎裂
• Cleft lip 唇
裂
• Limb defects
肢体缺陷
of babies
 Water-
soluble
Effect of
deficiency:
• Pernicious
anaemia
恶性贫血
(severe
anaemia
严重贫
血)
 Water-
soluble
Effect of
deficiency:
• Dry scaly
干燥 skin
• Fatigue
• Nausea 恶
心 and
vomiting
• Mental
depression
 Water-
soluble
Effect of
deficiency:
• Scurvy 坏血
病 (bleeding
gums 牙龈
Ascorbic 流血 and
acid bruised skin
皮肤淤青 )
• Low
resistance
抵抗力低 to
infections
 Fat-soluble

Effect of
deficiency:
• Night
blindness
• Xerophthal
Retinol mia 干眼症
(cornel
disorder)
• Dry mucous
membrane
粘膜 and
dry skins
Fat-soluble
Effect of
deficiency:
• Rickets
(weak
bones) –
children
• Osteomalaci
a 骨软化症
(softening
bones) –
adults
• Dental caries
 Tocopherol

Fat-soluble
Effect of deficiency:
• Fatigue
• Slow wounds
healing
• Premature aging 早
衰
• Low fertility 低生育
力 or sterility 不育
Fat-soluble

Effect of
deficiency:
• Extensive Phylloquinone
bleeding
(slow
blood
clotting 凝
结 during
a cut)
• Anaemia
 Dietary fibre / roughage 纤维素
Sources:
Cereals, wholemeal 全麦 bread, fruits and vegetable

• Consists of cellulose and lignin 木质素

• They cannot be digested by the human body
 Dietary fibre / roughage 纤维素

Function:
• Stimulates 刺激 peristalsis 蠕动 , move
faeces 粪便 along large intestines
• Absorbs water, making faeces softer, thus
preventing constipation 便秘
• Make up about 60-70% body
weight
WATER
• Lost in urine, perspiration 汗
水 and breathing
• If not replenished 补充 , the
body gets dehydrated 脱水
Function:
(1) Transport
• Main constituent 主要成分 of blood and body fluids
• Medium 媒介 for transport of nutrients, water,
hormones etc.
Function:
(2) Reactions
• Solvent 溶剂 for chemical reaction
• Hydrolytic 水解 reaction during digestion
Function:
(3) Lubrication 润滑
• Constituent 成分 of synovial fluids 滑液 in joints
关节 and mucus 粘液 in alimentary canal 消化道
Function:
(4) Homeostasis 体内平衡
• Evaporation of water from sweats cools the body.
Thus preventing overheating
Food Test
Iodine test for starch 碘液

Brown  Blue-black
Benedict’s test for glucose 本氏溶液
Fehling test for sugar 斐林试剂
Keep in boiling
water bath

Positive Fehling’s test: reddish brown ppt

(glucose, fructose, lactose)
Negative Fehling’s test: No red ppt
(sucrose, starch)
 Biuret’s test for protein 双缩脲试剂

White precipitate 沉淀  Purple

 Millon’s test for protein 米朗试剂

Millon’s reagent

White precipitate  Red precipitate

 Sudan (III) test for fat 苏丹 (III)

Positive result:
Two layers, top layer is orange-red
Negative result:
One layer, color is evenly distributed
Emulsion test for fats 乳化测试

Milky emulsion
 Grease spot 油脂点 test for oils

Opaque 不透明 filter paper Translucent 半透明

spot
DCPIP for vitamin C 二氯酚丁酚

Dichlorophenolindophenol = DCPIP

Positive result:
Blue  colourless
IMPORTANCE OF BALANCE DIET
A balanced diet is a meal which contains the
seven classes of food in the proper amounts to
meet the daily requirements of the body.
 DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS （看看就
好）
Adolescent (10-19)
Child (6-12)
Male: 12500 kJ
Male: 7600 kJ
Baby: 4700kJ Female: 9400 kJ
Female: 6800 kJ
 DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
Moderate adult Active adult
Pregnant women
Male: 8800 kJ Male: 12500 kJ
13000 kJ
Female: 8500 kJ Female: 9400 kJ
 Calorific value 热值 of food

Is defined as the amount of energy released from 1g

of a particular type of food.

• 1 calorie (cal) 卡路里 = 4.2 joule (J) 焦耳

• 1000 cal = 1 kilocalorie (kcal)
• 1000 joule (J) = 1 kilojoule(kJ)
 International system of Units

Unit for length;

• meter 米 /inch 英寸 /feet 英尺 /mile 英
里
Unit for weight;
• gram 公克 /pounds 磅 /tons 吨
Unit for food energy;
• calories 卡路里 /joules 焦耳
 How to determine the calories intake for adolescent?

1 calorie= 4.2J
Daily energy requirement for adolescent (male) = 12500kJ

Daily calories intake for adolescent = X

=
X=
X = 2976190.476cal
Daily calories intake for adolescent = 2976.2kcal
 Enzyme 酶 / 酵素
• All enzyme are protein.
• Act as a catalyst 催化剂 that speed up biochemical
reaction (catabolic 分解代谢 /anabolic 合成代谢 )
without being changed after the reaction.
 Enzyme Enzyme is denatured.

• Characteristics of enzyme:
(a) Needed in small amount.
(b) Is highly specific 专一性 .
(c) Can be affected by temperature, pH value 酸
碱度 , concentration of enzyme and
concentration of substrate.
 Enzyme
Enzyme present in an excess amount

Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme Enzyme
Enzyme Enzyme

Enzyme Enzyme Enzyme

Enzyme
 Enzyme

Enzyme
Enzyme

Enzyme
Enzyme

Substrate present in an excess amount

The digestive
system
A system that is
formed by different
organs such as
stomach, intestine to
perform a specific
function which is to
break down food into
smaller substances.
 Digestion 消化
• Process by which the
body breaks down food
(Carbohydrates, fats and
proteins) into smaller
and simpler substances.
• These substances are
absorbed and used by
cells in the body.
 Type of digestion
Mechanical digestion 物理性消化
• Mastication 咀嚼 (chewing, mashing 捣碎
and breaking) food into smaller particles.
 Type of digestion
Mechanical digestion
• In the mouth, teeth cut and grind 磨碎 food.
Rolling 滚动 action of tongue and secretion of
saliva roll food into bolus 食团 .
 Type of digestion
Mechanical digestion
• Bolus is swallowed 吞咽
and transported through
pharynx 咽 to stomach
by waves of rhythmic
contraction 有节奏性的
收缩 of oesophagus 食
管 called peristalsis 蠕动 .
 Type of digestion
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• Break down food into
smaller molecules by
action of enzymes.
• Involves hydrolysis 水解
process (additional of
water).
• Amylase 淀粉酶
hydrolyses starch into
maltose.
 The human
digestive system
Mouth
Chews 咀嚼 food

Salivary glands 唾液腺

Secrete salivary amylase
唾液淀粉酶 (in saliva)

Liver 肝脏
Produces bile 胆汁
 The human
digestive system
Stomach 胃 /Gastric gland 胃腺
Secretes hydrochloric acid 盐
酸 , protease/pepsin 胃蛋白
酶 and rennin 凝乳酶 .

Gall bladder 胆囊
Store bile
Pancreas 胰脏
Secretes pancreatic juice
 The human
digestive system
Duodenum 十二指肠
Anus 肛门
Receives bile and pancreatic
Removes faeces
juice for digestion
Small intestine 小肠
Absorbs digested food
Large intestine 大肠
Reabsorbs water from
undigested food
 Digestive system
(a) Alimentary canal (b) Digestive glands
消化道 消化腺
Mouth 口腔 • Salivary gland 唾液
↓
Oesophagus 食道
↓
腺
Stomach 胃 • Gastric gland 胃腺
↓
Small intestine 小肠
• Liver
↓ • Pancreatic gland 胰
Large intestine 大肠
↓ 腺
Rectum 直肠
↓ • Intestinal gland 小肠
Anus 肛门
 (A) In the mouth

• Digestion begins in
the mouth.
• The teeth chew and
grind food into
small particles.
 (A) In the mouth
• The salivary glands 唾液腺 secrete saliva which
contain an enzyme called salivary amylase 唾液淀
粉酶 .
 (A) In the mouth
Salivary amylase唾液淀粉酶

Starch + water  maltose

• Mucus 黏液 softens
and moistens 滋润
the food, the tongue
shapes it into a ball-
shaped lump 球形块
called bolus 食团
which is easier to be
swallowed.
 (B) In the oesophagus
• The bolus is pushed into the stomach by the
contraction and relaxation of the walls of the
oesophagus.
• The bolus moves along the oesophagus towards
the stomach by peristalsis.
 (C) In the stomach
• Food is mixed with gastric juices 胃液 which
is secreted by gastric glands 胃腺 located in
the stomach wall 胃壁 .
 (C) In the stomach
• Gastric juices contain pepsin 胃蛋白酶 , rennin
凝乳酶 , hydrochloric acid 盐酸 and mucus 黏
液.
 (C) In the stomach

pepsin
(a) Protein  Polypeptide 多肽

rennin
(b) Caseinogen 酪蛋白原  Casein 酪蛋白
 (C) In the stomach
(c) Hydrochloric acid:
- Acidic medium for enzyme action.
- Killed bacteria brought in with food.
- Activates enzymes.
- Stop the action of salivary amylase.

(d) Mucus:
- Protect stomach wall.
- Lubricant for movement of food in stomach.
 (D) In the Duodenum 十二指肠
• Is the first part of the small intestine and connected
to the liver and pancreas.
十二指肠

空肠
结肠
回肠

阑尾
 (D) In the Duodenum 十二指肠

• Bile 胆汁 and
pancreatic juice 胰液
flow to the duodenum
during digestion.
• Bile is greenish juice
which is produced by
the liver and stored in
the gall bladder.
 (D) In the Duodenum
Bile functions are:
i. To neutralise 中和 the acid produced by stomach.
ii. To provide an alkaline 碱性 medium for action of
enzymes in duodenum.
iii. The emulsify 乳化 fat and oil into tiny droplet and
increase surface area for action of lipase 脂肪酶 .
 (D) In the Duodenum
• Pancreatic juice 胰液 contains pancreatic
amylase 胰淀粉酶 , trypsin 胰蛋白酶 and
lipase 脂肪酶 .
 (D) In the Duodenum
pancreatic amylase 胰淀粉酶
Starch 淀粉 + water  Maltose 麦芽糖

trypsin 胰蛋白酶
Polypeptide 多肽 + water  Peptide 肽类

lipase 脂肪酶
Tiny droplet of fat + water  Fatty acid + glycerol
 (E) In the small intestine
• Food that digested in
the duodenum enters
the ileum 回肠 which is
the lower part of the
small intestine.
• Small intestine secretes
intestinal juices which
contain erepsin 肠肽酶 ,
lactase 乳糖酶 , sucrase
蔗糖酶 , maltase 麦芽
糖酶 and water.
 (E) In the small intestine
Erepsin 肠肽酶
Peptide + water  Amino acid
Lactase 乳糖酶
Lactose + water  Glucose + galactose
Sucrase 蔗糖酶
Sucrose + water  Glucose + fructose
Maltase 麦芽糖酶
Maltose + water  Glucose + glucose
 Absorption of digestion food
• Absorption of nutrients take place in small intestine
by diffusion 扩散 .
• The small intestine is about 6-7m long.
 Absorption of digestion food
• Water-soluble end products
of digestion such as glucose
and amino acids enter the
blood circulatory system by
diffusion and transported to
liver via hepatic portal vein
肝门静脉 , then the heart
pump the blood to all the
cells in the body.
 Absorption of digestion food
• Fatty acids, glycerol and fat-soluble vitamins
such as vitamin A, D, E and K are absorbed by
the lacteals 乳糜管 and carried by the
lymphatic system 淋巴系统 to the vein 静脉 .
 Absorption of digestion food
The small intestine has:
• Highly-folded 高度折叠
villus
inner surfaces to increase
the surface area for the
absorption of nutrients.
• Millions of villi 绒毛
(singular: villus) to absorb
nutrients more efficiently.
• Many blood capillaries to
increase absorption of
nutrients.
 Absorption of digestion food

• A villus is a finger-like projection.

• Its wall is only one-cell thick to absorb nutrients
more rapidly.
乳糜泻
• Carbohydrate: mouth ,duodenum, ileum,
protein 消化
• Protein : stomach , duodenum, ileum 消化
• Fat: duodenum , ileum 消化
• ( 课本紫色格里的要背 )
Reabsorption of water and defaecation 排便

• Digestion of food
is completed in
the small
intestine.
• Water, mineral
salts and vitamins
are reabsorbed by
large intestine.
Reabsorption of water and defaecation
• The undigested food is sent to large intestine
and kept there temporarily.
• In the large intestine, the residue 残渣 from
the small intestine undergoes reabsorption 重
新吸收 of water and become faeces 粪便 .
 Reabsorption of water and defaecation
横结肠
• The faeces is passed on
the rectum 直肠 where
the faeces is stored 升结肠 降结肠
before being pushed
through an opening call
the anus 肛门 .
• The process of
removing faeces from 乙状结肠

the body is called

defaecation 排便 .
 Reabsorption of water and defaecation
Healthy eating habit help to prevent constipation 便秘 :
a) Ensure the diet is rich in dietary fibre/roughage
such as leafy vegetables and fruits, brown rice and
oat.
b) Drink at least 2.5 litres of water daily.
 Reabsorption of water and defaecation
• Severe constipation can cause haemorrhoids 痔疮
or colon cancer 大肠癌 .
 Assimilation 同化
• Assimilation is the uptake and use of food within
the body
 ASSIMILATION (GLUCOSE)
• Excess glucose is converted to glycogen (insoluble
granules 颗粒状 ) and stored in the liver
• Glycogen 肝糖 can be converted back to glucose
when body needs energy and blood sugar level is
low
ASSIMILATION (GLUCOSE) （读）
• Further excess glucose is stored as fats in the
adipose tissue 脂肪组织
• Used in cellular respiration 细胞呼吸
 ASSIMILATION (FATS) （看看就好）
• Part of it is stored as fats in adipose tissue
• Used in synthesis of cell membrane
 ASSIMILATION (FATS)
• Utilised 采用 in respiration when glucose and
glycogen are used up
• Fats are stored under skin and around organs to act
as energy storage and heat insulator
 ASSIMILATION (AMINO ACID) （看看就
好）
• Synthesis of proteins, enzymes and hormones
• For growth and development
 ASSIMILATION (AMINO ACID)
• Excess amino acids are not stored in the body
• It is broken down and deaminated脱氨作用 in
the liver to form ammonia(NH3) 氨 and glycogen
 Liver （读）
• The liver is a large, reddish brown organ.
• Located beneath 下面 the diaphragm 横膈膜
and overlaps 交叠 the stomach.
• Plays an important role in metabolism 代谢 ,
homeostasis 体内平衡 and excretion 排泄 .
diaphragm 横膈膜
Liver
Hepatic portal vein 肝门静脉
• Blood capillaries 微血管
from villi are connected to
the hepatic portal vein
• Carries deoxygenated
blood 脱氧血 containing
end products of digestion
from ileum to liver
Liver
Hepatic artery 肝动脉
• Carries oxygenated
blood 含氧血 to liver