Bonding in organic

molecules-
Stereoisomerism
 Index
1 2
Bonding in organic Structural isomerism
molecules
Positions isomerism,chain
Sigma bonds and Pi bonds isomerism...

3
Stereoisomerism
Geometrical isomerism and
Optical isomerism
 1
Bonding in organic
molecules
 Bonding in organic molecules
Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon
atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, along with other elements
such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens.

The most common types of chemical bonds in organic

molecules are covalent bonds, where atoms share electrons to
achieve a stable electron configuration.
Here are some important types of bonding in organic
molecules:
1. Carbon-Carbon (C-C) Bonds
2. Carbon-Hydrogen (C-H) Bonds
3. Functional Group Bonds
4. Non-Covalent Interactions
5. Sigma Bonds
6. Pi Bonds
 Sigma bonds
Sigma bonds provide the primary connectivity between atoms in a
molecule and play a fundamental role in determining the molecule's
structure and stability.

Some key features of sigma bonds:

1. Overlap of Atomic Orbitals: Sigma bonds result from the overlap of
atomic orbitals, which are regions of space where electrons are likely to
be found.
2. Bonding Electrons: Sigma bonds involve the sharing of one or more
pairs of electrons between two atoms.
3. Single Bonds: Sigma bonds are typically associated with single bonds,
which involve the sharing of one electron pair (two electrons).
4. Hybridization
5. Rotation: Sigma bonds allow rotation around the bond axis
Overall sigma bonds are the foundational bonds in organic chemistry,
connecting atoms and providing stability to organic molecules.
 Pi bonds
Bonds that are formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals are called as π bonds (pi
bonds). A pi bond is not symmetrical about the axes joining the nuclei of the atoms
forming the bond.

In general, double covalent bonds consist of one pi and one sigma bond while triple
covalent bonds consist of one sigma and two pi – bonds. And when there is one
covalent between the atoms then it will always be a sigma covalent bond.
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Structural isomerism
 Structural isomerism
We have seen how a compound's molecular formula tells us the
number and type of each atom in one molecule of the compound. For
example, a propene molecule, C,H (Figure 14.16), contains three
carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms.

However, for a given molecular formula there may be different

ways of arranging these atoms. This means different molecules
can be formed, with different structures, resulting in different
compounds. Such compounds with the same molecular formula
but different structural formulae are called structural isomers.
For example, the molecular formula propene, C3H6, could also
There are 3 types of structural
isomerism
Position Functional group
isomerism; isomerism;

Chain
isomerism;
 Position isomerism
Positional isomerism refers to molecules that have the
same functional group in a different position on the same
carbon chain. For example, propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol
are positional isomers. Their carbon chains are the same,
but the -OH group is attached to a different carbon in
each case.

In organic chemistry, a functional group is a specific

group of atoms or bonds within a compound that is
responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of
that compound. The same functional group will behave in
a similar fashion, by undergoing similar reactions,
regardless of the compound of which it is a part.
 Functional group isomerism
Functional group isomerism occurs when substances have the same molecular formula but
different functional groups.
There are three pairs of these isomers we need to be aware of:
• alcohols and ethers;
• carboxylic acids and esters;

Alcohols and esters

The functional group in alcohols is the hydroxyl group, —OH.

The functional group in ethers is R1–O–R2. The symbols R1 and R2 represent the structures of the
rest of the molecule:
• they can be the same or different
• if one is a hydrogen atom, the compound contains a hydroxyl group and is not an ether.
In methoxymethane, R1 and R2 are methyl groups, —CH3.
Carboxylic acids and esters

These have different functional groups:

• carboxylic acids have the carboxyl group —COOH
• esters have the functional group R1COOR2
The symbols R1 and R2 represent the structures of the rest of the molecule:
• they can be the same or different
• if one is a hydrogen atom, the compound contains a carboxyl group and is not
an ester.
In methyl ethanoate, R1 and R2 are methyl groups, —CH3.

Chain isomerism
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the
carbon chain within the molecule are called chain or nuclear isomers.
Ex: 2-methylpentane (C6H14) and dimethyl butane (C6H14).
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Stereoisomerism
 Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomers are compounds whose molecules have the same atoms bonded top each
other, but with different arrangements of the atoms in space.

There are two types of stereoisomerism:

1. Geometrical (cis/trans) isomerism;
2. Optical isomerism.

Cis isomers are molecules with the same connectivity of atoms. They feature same side
groups placed on the same side of a double bond.(cis : from latin meaning "on this
side")

Trans isomers feature molecules with same side groups placed on opposite sides of a
double bond.(trans : from latin meaning "across" - as in transatlantic).
These two compounds are cis-trans isomers, compounds that have different configurations (groups
permanently in different places in space) because of the presence of a rigid structure in their molecule.
Consider the alkene with the condensed structural formula CH3CH=CHCH3. We could name it 2-
butene, but there are actually two such compounds; the double bond results in cis-trans isomerism

Cis-2-butene has both methyl groups on the same side of the molecule. Trans-2-butene has the methyl
groups on opposite sides of the molecule. Their structural formulas are as follows:
Adiel
Adiel
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