Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Planning 2016
Planning 2016
Floors
Project Planning
Planning Steps:
1. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS):
• An Activity is a unique unit of a project which can be described within prescribed limits of time
• Types of Activities:
– Production Activities: are activities that require the use of resources such as labors, materials, and
equipment, or subcontractors. This type can be easily identified by reading the project’s drawings and
specifications. Each production activity has a quantity of work, resources needs, cost, and duration.
Examples: excavation, formwork, concreting, backfilling, etc.
– Procurement Activities: are activities that specify the time needed to procure for materials and/or
equipment needed for any production activity
– Management Decision Activities: activities that are related to management decisions such as vacations,
approvals, special delays, etc.
– Hammock Activities: activities that depend on other activities and are not needed for themselves.
Example: dewatering, which is required as long as excavation and subsurface activities are progressing
– Dummy Activities: activities needed for presentation purposes to maintain the logical relationships among
activities. They consume no time. This type of activities is explained later in detail.
Project Planning
Planning Steps:
1. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS):
Example Project:
Initial Activity List:
Activity Description
A Site Clearing
B Removal of Trees
C Excavation for Foundations
D Site Grading
E Excavation for Utility Trenches
F Placing formwork & Reinforcement
G Installing sewer lines
H Pouring concrete
Project Planning
Planning Steps:
1. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS):
Example Project:
Preliminary Activity List:
Activity Description
A Site Clearing
B Removal of Trees
C Excavation for Foundations
D Site Grading Production
E Excavation for Utility Trenches Activities
F Placing formwork & Reinforcement
G Installing sewer lines
H Pouring concrete
J Obtain formwork & reinforcing steel
K Obtain sewer lines Material
Additional L Obtain concrete Procurement
Activities M Steelworker availability Activities
Labor Procurement
Activity
Project
Planning
Planning Steps:
2. Identify Logical Relationships Among Activities:
– What activity(ies) can finish before the current one can start?
– What activity(ies) may be constructed concurrently with the current one?
– What activity(ies) must follow the current one?
– Remove redundant activity(ies).
Project Planning
Planning Steps:
2. Identify Logical Relationships Among Activities:
Activity List with Dependencies:
A B C
Redundant
Relationship
Project Planning
Planning Steps:
3. Drawing the Project Network:
Activity List After Removing Redundant Relationships:
Activity
55 10
10
– Activity-on-Arrow (AOA)
Activity
Activity Activity
Activity
A
A B
B
– Activity-on-Node (AON)
Activity
Activity Activity
Activity
C
C D
D
Project
Planning
Planning Steps:
3. Draw the Project Network: Activity-on-Arrow (AOA):
Node Node
(Event) i (Event) j
Activity Name Activity A
55 10
10 j>i 55 10
10
a) Independent Activities
A B
55 10
10 15
15 B depends on A
b) Dependent Activities
Project
Planning
Planning Steps:
3. Draw the Project Network: Activity-on-Arrow (AOA):
55 A
C
B 15
15 20
20 C depends on A & B
10
10
c) A Merge Relationship
B 15
15
A
55 10
10 B depends on A
C C depends on A
20
20
d) A Burst Relationship
Project
Planning
Planning Steps:
3. Draw the Project Network: Activity-on-Arrow (AOA):
55 A C 20
20
C depends on A & B
B 15
15 D D depends on A & B
10
10 25
25
e) A Cross Relationship
Project
Planning
Planning Steps:
3. Draw the Project Network: Activity-on-Arrow (AOA):
Dummy Activities:
– Each activity should have a unique i - j value: Dummy 10
10
A A
55 10
10
55 B 15
B 15
a) Incorrect Representation b) Correct Representation
J
25
25
F
M H
15
15 40
40 45
45
G
B E
55 20
20 35
35
D
A C 30
10
10 30
K
AOA Representation
Project
Planning
Planning Steps:
3. Draw the Project Network: Activity-on-Node (AON):
Activity number
Link 10
10 20
20
AA BB
Activity name
a) Independent Activities
10
10 Link 20
20
AA B
B depends on A
B
b) Dependent Activities
Project
Planning
Planning Steps:
3. Draw the Project Network: Activity-on-Node (AON):
Activity number
Link 10
10 20
20
AA BB
Activity name
a) Independent Activities
10
10 Link 20
20
AA B
B depends on A
B
b) Dependent Activities
Project
Planning
Planning Steps:
3. Draw the Project Network: Activity-on-Node (AON):
10
10
AA
30
30 40
40 C depends on A & B
CC DD D depends on C
20
20
BB
c) A Merge Relationship
30
30
CC
10
10 20
20 B depends on A
AA BB C depends on B
40
40 D depends on B
DD
d) A Burst Relationship
Project
Planning
Planning Steps:
3. Draw the Project Network: Activity-on-Node (AON):
A
A D
D A
A D
D
Start
Start Finish
Finish
B
B Dummy
Dummy B
B Dummy
Dummy
C
C EE C
C EE
Relationship
Activity
Activity
A
B
Predecessor Successor
Activity On Node Notation (typical)
• ES = Early Start ES EF
TF FF
• EF = Early Finish Name
• LS = Late Start Duration
LS LF
• LF = Late Finish
• TF = Total Float
• FF = Free Float
Activity on Arrow (AOA)
0
If some of an activities total float is
TF
used, the total float of a following 3 9
activity may be reduced 5 FF
Activity
6
8 14
Free Float
• It is that amount of an activity’s TF that
can be used without reducing a following
activities total float
• FF = MIN {ES successor} – EF activity
ES FF ES Of
EF Successors
FF = ES successor – EF of activity
3. Interfering Float
• Def.: Amount of the total float utilized that
interferes with the following activities.
Total Float T iE T jL
DUR (I)
TF= TjL- (TiE+tij)
TF
Free Float T iE
DUR(I)
T jE
Days 1 2 3 4 5
4 Handing over
2 40 60
Example of programming with the use of
Bar charts
Scenario:
• The figure illustrates an irrigation scheme which a middle
east country is proposing to develop by constructing an
impounding embankment across a wadi through which
water runs during the short rainy season.
• Two irrigation canals, one partially lined, and the other
fully lined, will conduct impounded water from reservoir
so formed.
Requirements
• using bar chart programming determine the lowest cost
of completing the project outlined below. When will the
asphalt lining start relative to the starting earthworks?
Example
Method Statement
• Two contractors have been appointed for the works on
the understanding that once his plant has been
mobilised on site each contractor will have continuous
working for his plant.
– Earthworks contractor- will excavate and trim canals and
construct the embankment
– Paving contractor- will line the canals and waterproof the
upstream face of the embankment with asphalt.
– Asphalt lining to the embankment upstream slope cannot
commence until the embankment has completely filled
– The canal construction sequence will be A-C-B
Example
Assumptions and outputs:
• The earthworks contractor has a hydraulic back-hoe excavator and
dumpers with outputs:
– Trenching for canal (lined) in soft material 400m3/day
– Trenching for canal (Unlined) in rock material 110m3/day
– This equipment can also be used to provide additional filling for the
embankment from the borrow area at a rate of 1000m3/day. It costs
$4000 to mobilise and $150/day thereafter
– The paving contractor’s asphalt equipment costs $6000 to mobilise and
its working cost, including materials used is $1000/day. It has an output
per day of 80m3 asphalt
• the following assumptions may be made
– All material excavated from canals must go to the embankment
– Bulking of excavated materials can be ignored
– Costs of compaction equipment are included in the excavation team
costs
– Volume of asphalt per linear metre of canal= excavation girth * 100mm
– All dimensions in the figure are in meters except where otherwise
stated.