1.

Braced frame structural system

-Braced frames are cantilevered vertical trusses resisting laterals loads primarily
diagonal members that together with the girders, form the “web” of the vertical
truss, with the columns acting as the “chords’’.
-Bracing members eliminate bending in beams and columns It is
used in steel construction
-This system is suitable for multistory building in the low to mid height
range.
efficient and economical for enhancing the lateral stiffness and resistance of
rigid frame system.
-This system permits the use of slender members in a building.
-An outstanding advantage of braced frame is that, it can be repetitive up the
height of the building with obvious economy in design and fabrication.
-However, it might obstruct internal planning and the location of doors and
windows. That is why it shall be incorporated internally along with lines of
walls and partitions

2. Rigid frame structural system

-In rigid frame structure, beams and columns are constructed monolithically to
withstand moments imposed due to loads.
-The lateral stiffness of a rigid frame depends on the bending stiffness of the
columns, girders and connections in-plane
-It is suitable for reinforced concrete buildings.
-It may be used in steel construction as well, but the connections will be costly.
-One of the advantages of rigid frames is the likelihood of planning and fitting of
windows due to open rectangular arrangement.
-Members of rigid frame system withstand bending moment, shear force, and axial
loads.
-20 to 25 storey buildings can be constructed using rigid frame system.
-Advantages of rigid frame include ease of construction, labors can learn construction
skills easily, construct rapidly, and can be designed economically.
-Maximum beam span is 12.2m and larger span beams would suffer lateral
deflection.
-A disadvantage is that the self-weight is resisted by the action from rigid
frames.

3. Wall-frame system (dual system)

-It consists of wall and frame that interact horizontally to provide stronger and stiffer
system.
-The walls are usually solid (not perforated by openings) and they can be found around the
stairwells, elevator shafts, and/or at the perimeter of the building.
-The walls may have a positive effect on the performance of the frames such as by
preventing a soft storey collapse.
-Wall-frame system suitable for buildings with storey number ranges from 60-40 storey which
is greater than that of shear or rigid frame separately.
4. Shear wall system

-It is a continuous vertical wall constructed from reinforced concrete or masonry wall.
-Shear walls withstand both gravity and lateral loads, and it acts as narrow deep
cantilever beam.
-Commonly, constructed as a core of buildings
-It is highly suitable for bracing tall buildings either reinforced concrete or steel
structure. This because shear walls have substantial in plane stiffness and strength.
-Shear wall system is appropriate for hotel and residential buildings where the floor-
by floor repetitive planning allows the walls to be vertically continuous.
-It may serve as excellent acoustic and fire insulators between rooms and
apartments.

5. Core and outrigger structural system

-Outrigger are rigid horizontal structures designed to improve building overturning stiffness and
strength by connecting the core or spine to closely spaced outer columns
-The central core contains shear walls or braced frames.
-Outrigger systems functions by tying together two structural systems (core system and a
perimeter system), and render the building to behave nearly as composite cantilever.
-The outriggers are in form of walls in reinforced concrete building and trusses in steel
structures.
-Multilevel outrigger systems can provide up to five times the moment resistance of a single
outrigger system.
-Practically, Outrigger systems used for buildings up to 70 stories. Nonetheless, it can be
used for higher buildings.

6. Infilled frame structural system

-Infilled frame structure system consists of beam and column framework that some of the
bays infilled with masonry, reinforced concrete, or block walls.
-Infill walls can be part-height or completely fill the frame.
-The walls may or may not be connected to the formwork.
-Great in plan stiffness and strength of the walls prevent bending of beams and columns
under horizontal loads. As a result, frame structural performance will be improved.
-During an earthquake, diagonal compression struts form in the infills so the
structure behaves more like a Braced Frame rather than a Moment Frame.
-It can build up to 30 storey buildings

7. Flat plate and flat slab structural system

-This system consists of slabs (flat or plate) connected to columns (without the use
of beams).
flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a slab of uniform thickness, the
simplest of structural shapes.
-The flat slab is a two-way reinforced structural system that includes either drop panels or column
capitals at columns to resist heavier loads and thus permit longer spans.
-Lateral resistance depends on the flexural stiffness of the components and their connections, with the
slab corresponding to the girder of the rigid frame.
Suitable for building up to 25 stories.
8. Tube structural system

-This system consists of exterior columns and beams that create rigid frame, and interior
part of the system which is simple frame designed to support gravity loads.
-The building behaves like equivalent hollow tube.
-It is substantially economic and need half of material required for the
construction of ordinary framed buildings.
-Lateral loads are resisted by various connections, rigid or semi-rigid,
supplemented where necessary by bracing and truss elements.
-It is used for the construction of buildings up to 60 storeys.

9. Coupled wall system

-This system composed of two or more interconnected shear walls
-Shear walls connected at the floor levels by beam or stiff slabs.
-Stiffness of the whole system is far greater than that of its components.
-The effect of the shear-resistant connecting members is to cause the sets of
-walls to behave in their partly as a composite cantilever, bending about the common
centroidal axis of the walls.
-The system is suitable for buildings up to 40 storey height.
-Since planer shear walls support loads in their plane only, walls in two
orthogonal directions need to withstand lateral loads in two directions.

10. Hybrid structural system

-It is the combination of two or more of basic structural forms either by direct
combination or by adopting different forms in different parts of the structure.
-Its lack of torsional stiffness requires that additional measures be taken, which resulted
in one bay vertical exterior bracing and a number of levels of perimeter vierendeel
“bandages”
-It can be used for the buildings of as high as 300m.
-According to chines code (JGJ2002-3), hybrid system can be used for the
construction of buildings with maximum 150m height in seismic regions
Safety and Security Systems for Emergencies

Personal Emergency Panic Buttons

Panic buttons provide immediate assistance. The mobile panic button is a personal security
alert system that allows you to get help no matter where you are.
When an emergency occurs, will you have time to dial your smartphone? Emergencies
occur without warning. It could be a health problem, an active shooter situation, or a
criminal attack. You need a personal panic button system that provides a very quick
emergency notification.
The push of a button on the mobile panic button sends an alert through the system. The
emergency notification is sent to your designated security center. The personal emergency
panic button system provides a quick response to any emergency. It’s more than a medical
alert system. It is a total personal emergency call button system designed to be used no
matter where in the world you are.

Campus Alert Systems

When a network-attached paging and intercom system is added, it increases
safety by providing the emergency notification. This modular IP paging
system provides announcements to specific locations in the organization or
to the complete campus. It’s very easy to install a paging system that
uses the network infrastructure you already have in place.

Smartphone Paging and Mass Emergency Notification System

The IP-PACast emergency notification system uses multiple communication channels to notify a large group
of people of an emergency. It provides text and audio announcements.
The system consists of a web interface that allows you to send trigger messages to target groups that receive
the notification.
Audio and other messages can be sent from a computer, mobile device, automated service, or even
Microsoft Teams to computer IP paging devices on your network or mobile devices.
IP-PACast uses a simple interface to upload users and devices. The users and the devices can be assigned
to groups or zones, so the right people are reached.

Digital Contact Tracing System

Contact Tracking Devices

This contact tracing system provides the automated health tracing required in today’s
environment. The system provides accurate, reliable, and easy-to-implement contact tracing in
the workplace.
The digital contact tracing database keeps a record of all the people who come into contact
with each other. It allows employers to safely bring their employees back to the office
while reducing the risk of a future shutdown due to infected employees.
Not only does it meet the needs of the current pandemic, but it can be used in the future to
track any new health issues transmitted between the people who work and visit your
organization.
Temperature Screening Access Control
Face and Temperature Panel
These biometric door readers provide face authentication and temperature monitoring. It can
prevent the entry of a person that has an elevated temperature or if they are not wearing a
protective face mask.
Designed for organizations that need door access control as well as a way to screen people
as they enter a secure area.

Door Access Control:

The IP Door access control system can be integrated with IP cameras with the right software. For
example, Video Management Software and Door Access Control software work together to increase
security by allowing you to see who entered the door. It allows you to check that the person using a
credential is the right person and that they didn’t let anyone else in at the same time.

Intercoms with IP Cameras

The door access system keeps unauthorized people out, but what happens if you have a visitor?
Adding an intercom to your IP camera system allows you to talk to visitors at the door as well as
seeing them. Now you can make a decision about whether or not you would like to grant them access
to your facility.

Face Recognition Improves Safety

Face recognition is used to improve security, prevent crimes, and keep us healthy. The latest facial
recognition systems use your IP camera system. They can be used for access control, and provide
real-time information about who is entering specific areas in your facility, such as: recently
terminated employees returning to work, restraining order alerts, a person of interest, people making
threats to employees, contact tracing, etc.

License Plate Recognition

Safety can be increased by controlling the vehicles entering your campus or parking lot. The new
systems use megapixel IP cameras for improved performance.
 Power Distribution in Large Buildings
Large buildings have a much higher electrical load than small buildings; therefore, the electrical equipment must
be larger and more robust. Large building owners will also purchase electricity at high voltages (in the US,
13.8kV) because it comes at a cheaper rate. In this case, the owner will provide and maintain their own step-
down transformer, which lowers the voltage to a more usable level (in the US, 277/480 volts). This transformer
can be mounted on a pad outside the building or in a transformer room inside the building.

The electricity is then transmitted to switchgear. The role of the switchgear is to distribute electricity safely and
efficiently to the various electrical closets throughout the building. The equipment has numerous safety features
including circuit breakers, which allow power to be disrupted downstream - this may occur due to a fault or
problem, but it can also be done intentionally to allow technicians to work on specific branches of the power
system.

It should be noted that very large buildings or buildings with complex electrical systems may have multiple
transformers, which may feed multiple pieces of switchgear. We are keeping this article simple by sharing the
basic concepts.

Lighting
Lighting deals with providing visibility so that humans can
visually experience their surroundings. Natural lighting is
provided by the sun, and artificial lighting is predominantly
provided by converting electrical energy

There is a safety precaution that must be remembered with metal halide lamps to avoid possible shattering and
early failure of the lamp. These lamps are constructed of an outer bulb with an internal arc tube made of
quartz. The arc tube operates under high pressure and at approximately 1,100°C. The arc and outer bulb may
unexpectedly rupture as a result of system failure or misapplication. To safeguard against any hazards, the
following three precautions must be taken:

Lamps must be operated only in fixtures with lenses or diffusers that can contain fragments of hot quartz
or glass up to the above mentioned temperature.
If a lamp is supposed to operate continuously, it should be turned off at least once a week for at least 15 minutes.
Otherwise, the risk of rupture will increase greatly.
Certain types of metal halide lamps will automatically extinguish if the outer skin is punctured. This is a desirable
feature, because if a lamp with a broken outer bulb is allowed to operate, the ultraviolet light

Incandescent High-Pressure Sodium

Lamps Lamps Low-Pressure
Fluorescent Sodium Lamps
Lamps Metal Inductance Lamps
Halide Lamps Light Emitting Diode
(LED)
Three issues dominate the design, construction and operation of
electrical systems in educational facilities:
Fire safety. The modern way of fighting fires is with electrical power present so parallel and auxiliary
systems are conceived to ensure occupant egress and to provide power to fire fighters. One of the leading
practice documents is The Life Safety Code© (NFPA 101) which, along with documents prepared by the
International Code Council (ICC), are either adopted as a whole or used as resource documents for variants in
the building codes promulgated by individual states. Both NFPA and ICC documents refer to the National
Electrical Code© (The NEC, or NFPA 70) for prescriptive requirements for actually wiring the emergency
lighting systems, elevator and fire pump power.

Energy efficiency. Many organizations are addressing energy standards; the American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is one of the leaders establishing national
standards to meet federal energy efficiency objectives asserted by the Environmental Protection Agency and the
Department of Energy. ASHRAE has traditionally prepared leading practice documents for the energy efficiency of
installed HVAC mechanical systems but in recent years has moved into lighting efficiency. Since the NEC is
principally a fire safety document — with wiring rules that have evolved for the safe use of electricity in the
built environment — many have observed that the NEC is out of step with the national effort to conserve
energy. Wire sizing rules — and particularly the rules for sizing transformers — may result in the production
of waste heat that must be removed by the systems classically governed by ASHRAE leading practice
documents.

Electrician’s safety. The rise of leading practices in limiting the effect of electrical arc flash
originated in
the early conception of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The NFPA prepared a
document entitled, NFPA 70E – Electrical Safety in the Workplace, for use by OSHA in promulgating rules for
reducing fatalities among electrical professionals working on live equipment.
In recent years, many in the electrical industry have tried to translate the rules of NFPA 70E — an operation and
maintenance document — into NFPA 70 — a design and installation document. The effort has not been successful
so far. One of the reasons, which facility managers may appreciate, is that design and construction budgets are
rather different from operations and maintenance budgets.
Energy Management and Sustainability

Energy can be the largest component of a company's cost structure. Most companies have
formalized energy management programs, and many use automation and control technologies
to help minimize energy costs. However, it is clear that many companies need to take their efforts
to the next level by monitoring and optimizing energy use in real time, and through more
widespread adoption of advanced automation technologies and energy management
applications. Good energy management practices are essential for sustainable manufacturing.

Enterprises can achieve significant reductions in energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions
when these efforts are executed in tandem with cross-functional responsibilities and reporting,
including the financial operational, and environmental departments.

A data-driven approach to energy management is recommended as it is both most objective and

repeatable. Data provides visibility into the amount of energy consumed, enables trending,
and identifies energy hogs. New, low-cost wireless and
internet-connected sensors could lower the cost of obtaining previously stranded energy
management related data.