Fundamentals of General,

Organic and Biological

Chemistry
6th Edition

Chapter Twelve
Introduction to Organic
Chemistry: Alkanes
James E. Mayhugh
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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 12.1 The Nature of Organic
Molecules
► Organic chemistry: The study of carbon compounds.
► Carbon ALWAYS forms four bonds.

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► Carbon’s 4 bonds can be any combination of single,
double and triple bonds

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12.4 Drawing Organic Structures

Condensed structure: A shorthand way of drawing

structures in which C-C and C-H bonds are
understood rather than shown.

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12.4 Drawing Organic Structures
Line structure: An even shorter notation:

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12.2 Families of Organic Molecules:
Functional Groups
► Organic compounds are put into families
(categories) according to
►The types of atoms attached to the carbons
►The types of bonds between the carbons
►Single, double, triple

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 Organic Nomenclature
► Basic naming system (nomenclature):

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 Hydrocarbon Nomenclature
► The simplest group of Families are the hydrocarbons…
compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen
►All carbon-carbon single bonds: alkanes
►At least one C=C double bond: alkenes
►At least one C  C triple bond: alkynes

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 Hydrocarbon Nomenclature
► Hydrocarbons can be
►“straight” chain

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 Hydrocarbon Nomenclature
► Hydrocarbons can be
►“straight” chain

► branched chain

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 Hydrocarbon Nomenclature
► Hydrocarbons can be
►“straight” chain

► branched chain

► cyclic

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 12.6 Naming Alkanes
► Suffix: -ane
► Parent : based on # of Carbons in longest,
continuous chain

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1 carbon meth-
2 carbons eth-
3 carbons prop-
4 carbons but-
5 carbons pent-
6 carbons hex-
7 carbons hept-
8 carbons oct-
9 carbons non-
10 carbons dec-

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 12.6 Naming Alkanes
►Examples of “Straight chain” alkanes:
CH3CH2CH3

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► Branched-chain
alkanes
(Rules are on following slides)

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► What is the chemical
formula of this
molecule?

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► Branched-chain
alkanes
(Rules are on following slides)

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 12.6 Naming Branched-Chain
Alkanes
► Branched-chain alkanes have “substituents” branching off of the main
chain.
► For hydrocarbons, these substituents (or “branches”) are also hydrocarbons
►# of carbons in branch: normal prefix
►Suffix of hydrocarbon branch: -yl
►Name must include WHICH carbon of the main chain the branch is
connected to.

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 12.6 Naming Branched Alkanes
► STEP 1: Name the main chain (parent + suffix). Find the longest
continuous chain of carbons!
► STEP 2: Number the carbon atoms in the main chain. Begin at the end
nearer the first branch point
► STEP 3: Identify the branching substituents, and number each
according to its point of attachment to the main chain
► STEP 4:Write the name as a single word,
►If two or more identical substituents are present, use one of the prefixes
di-, tri-, tetra-
►If two or more different substituent groups are present, cite them in
alphabetical order

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12.9 Naming Cyclic Alkanes

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 12.9 Naming Cyclic Alkanes
► Naming rules are mostly the same as for other alkanes
► Additional Rules:
►The ring is ALWAYS the main chain
►The prefix “cyclo” is added to the name of the main
chain
►If only 1 branch, it doesn’t need to be numbered
►If more than one branch, number the carbons in the
ring to get the lowest combination of numbers of
branch locations.

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End of Chapter 12

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 Fundamentals of General,
Organic and Biological
Chemistry
6th Edition

Chapter Thirteen
Alkenes andAlkynes

James E. Mayhugh
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter Seven
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13.2 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
(rules on following slides)

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13.2 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

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13.2 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

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 13.2 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

► Very similar rules as for alkanes

► Additional rules:
►Choose longest chain that contains the
double or triple bond
►Suffix for alkenes: -ene
►Suffix for alkynes: -yne
►Include a number with the parent to
indicate which carbon the double/triple
bond starts on.
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►
3-methylcylclopentene

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► Cyclic alkene special rules
►Carbons 1 and 2 MUST go “through” the double bond
►If there is more than one double bond, number the ring to give the
double bonds the lowest numbers… then worry about branches.

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►5-ethyl-1,3-cylclohexene

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 Isomers

► 2 or more molecules with the same number of

each atom, but are connected differently.
► These molecules will have different names.

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Isomers

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End of Chapter 13

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 Fundamentals of General,
Organic and Biological
Chemistry
6th Edition

Chapter Fourteen
Some Compounds With
Oxygen or a Halogen
James E. Mayhugh
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter Seven
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 14.1 Alcohols and Ethers
► An alcohol has an –OH covalently bonded to a carbon chain.

► These compounds are NOT basic.

► An ether has an O in the midst of a carbon chain.

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14.3 Naming Alcohols (rules on following slides)

4-methyl-1-cyclohexanol methanol

1-propanol (only 3 carbons, not 4)

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 14.3 Naming Alcohols
► 1. Number the longest carbon chain starting at the end
that gets you to the OH the quickest.
► 2. Suffix: replace the “e” at the end of the normal name for
the main chain with “ol”
► 3. Denote location of the OH the same way you show the
location of a double or triple bond
► 4. Name and slow location of any hydrocarbon branches.

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 14.8 Ethers
Ethers are named by identifying the two carbon
“branches” attached to the oxygen atom (in alph.
order) and adding the word ether.

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 14.8 Ethers

Butyl propyl ether

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14.10 Halogen Containing
Compounds

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 14.10 Halogen Containing
Compounds
► Halogens: Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
►As a branch: fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
► Halogen branches are given “numbering preference” over
hydrocarbon branches
►But NOT over any substituent that determines the family
of the compound (like alcohols, double bonds, etc.)

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End of Chapter 14

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 Fundamentals of General,
Organic and Biological
Chemistry
6th Edition

Chapter Sixteen
Aldehydes and Ketones

James E. Mayhugh
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter Seven
45
 16.1 The C=O group
► Both aldehydes and ketones contain a C=O
group
► They are NOT alkenes… alkenes have C=C
bonds
► The difference between aldehydes and
ketones is the placement of the C=O group.

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 16.2 Aldehydes

CH3CHO

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 16.2 Aldehydes

Propanal
3-methylbutanal

CH3CHO
Ethanal
methanal
(common name: formaldehyde)
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 16.1 Aldehydes
►Aldehydes:
►The Carbon of the C=O group is one of the
end carbons
►Suffix: -al
►No need to show its number… it’s ALWAYS
“1” if it’s an aldehyde.

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 16.2 Ketones
CH3COCH 2CH2CH3
(how can you know it’s not an ether??)

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 16.2 Ketones
2-butanone
4-methyl-3-hexanone
CH3COCH2CH2CH3
(how can you know it’s not an ether??)
2-pentanone

cyclohexanone

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 16.1 Ketones
►Ketones:
►The Carbon in the C=O group is one of the
INTERIOR carbons
►Suffix: -one
►Location of the =O must be numbered (except
for propanone and butanone)

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End of Chapter 16

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 Fundamentals of General,
Organic and Biological
Chemistry
6th Edition

Chapter Seventeen
Carboxylic Acids

James E. Mayhugh
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter Seven
54
 17.1 Carboxylic Acids
► Carboxylic acids look like a combination of
an alcohol and an aldehyde … on the same
carbon.

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 17.1 Carboxylic Acids
methanoic acid
(common name: formic acid)

CH3CO2H
ethanoic acid
(common name: acetic acid)

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 17.3 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are weak acids

(ethanoic acid)

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 17.1 Carboxylic Acids
► Carboxylic acids
►Suffix: -oic acid
►No need to number the acid group… it has to be on an end carbon, so it is automatically “1-”

propanoic acid

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End of Chapter 17

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It may be hard to believe,
but…

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