Chapter 9 Dislocation and Yielding in Crystals

Chapters 7 & 8

Plasticity ， definition of tensile stress-strain curve

Yield stress of different class of material
Hardness
 Chapter 9 Dislocation and Yielding in Crystals

Yield Phenomena
A single crystals Zinc stressed at 300C Cu Polycrystals

The strength of a perfect crystal

2 x
  0 sin x 
 b a x

  G

Gb G
0   E  2(1  )G
2a 10
E
0 
 0  20 15

Reality

All metals have strength far below, why???

 Chapter 9 Dislocation and Yielding in Crystals

Dislocation in crystal

Many important engineering materials were made up of crystals,

Crystals are not perfect, they have defects: (weak chains)

The dislocation: allows materials to perform plastically

at    0
Ideal case

Creation and move of dislocation

Chapter 9 Dislocation and Yielding in Crystals
 Chapter 9 Dislocation and Yielding in Crystals

Definition of burgers vector

Edge dislocation Screw dislocation

Mix: combination of edge and screw dislocation

 Chapter 9 Dislocation and Yielding in Crystals

The force acting on a dislocation

To move dislocation Intrinsic friction

Yield stress
To overcome resistance Alloying

Work-hardening

l1
 The work done by  l1l 2 b
f The dislocation is travelled through a distance l2
l2 f the resistance force per unit length
b Work done is fl1l 2

So the force acting on the dislocation f  b

This relation holds for any dislocation: edges, screw or mixture
 Chapter 9 Dislocation and Yielding in Crystals

Other properties of dislocations

i) Dislocation always glides on crystallographic planes fcc {1 1 1}

ii) Regions near the core of a dislocation have high energy, the
dislocation tries to be as short as possible-line tension
(energy per unit length)

Gb 2
T T
2

F
 Chapter 9 Dislocation and Yielding in Crystals

History of dislocation theory

Vito Volterra (1907) Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor(1934)

 Chapter 10 Strengthening methods and plasticity of polycrystals

We have learned that:

i) Crystals contain dislocations

ii) A shear stress , exerts a force per unit length b on the dislocation
trying to push it forward

iii) When dislocations move, the crystals yields

Strengthening mechanisms 

f=b, this will overcome the obstacles(resistance, denoted by f r)

the crystals yields at yb=fr

fr
y  i) Bond nature (intrinsic lattice resistance) fi
b
ii) Solid solution strengthening f ss
The sources of resistance iii) Precipitate strengthening f0
iv) work-hardening strengthening f wh
 Chapter 10 Strengthening methods and plasticity of polycrystals

Solid solution hardening

A good way of hardening a metal is to make it impure

Copper+Zinc Brass Alloy

Zn roughens the slip planes

y
 y  c1 / 2  y 
f ss
b
1 1
f ss  d Zn  Zn 
d Zn  Zn c

weight% Zn
 y  c
 Chapter 10 Strengthening methods and plasticity of polycrystals

Precipitate and dispersion strengthening

If an impurity is dissolved in a metal or ceramic at high temperature, and
the alloy is cooled to room temperature, the impurity may precipitate as
small particles, just like sugar crystallises

Al+4%Cu Duralumin (CuAl2 small particles)

Most steels are strengthened by precipitates of carbides

Mechanism
At critical configuration

 y bL  2T T is line tension
2T 2T
y  So A resistance f0 
bL L

Example : Ni superalloy
 Chapter 10 Strengthening methods and plasticity of polycrystals

Work-Hardening
When crystals yield, dislocation move through them, most crystals have
several slip planes, f.c.c 4 {1 1 1}, they intersect and obstruct each other

mechanism Cu monocrystal

Dislocation forest provides also the obstacles for the next dislocations

If different strengthening methods are combined, it is assumed that the

strengthening methods contribute in an additive way

f i f ss f 0 f wh
y    
b b b b
 Chapter 10 Strengthening methods and plasticity of polycrystals

Work-Hardening

Yield in polycrystals
Polycrystals Crystals with different orientations

(Ti5Al5Mo5V1,5Cr)

Strengthening mechanism
 Chapter 10 Strengthening methods and plasticity of polycrystals

Yield in polycrystals

Polycrystal doesnot yield all at once, so gross yielding doesnot occur at

the dislocation-yield y. To calculate the polycrystal yield stress, we have
to average the stress over all possible slip planes and all grain

 py
  P y
p
y

 py
P is Taylor factor and equals about 3/2

Tensile yield stress of polycrystals

 py  2 py  3 y
 py  2 py
The methods of strengthening for monocrystals apply also for polycrystals
 Chapter 10 Strengthening methods and plasticity of polycrystals

Yield in polycrystals

Grain-boundary strengthening (Hall-Petch)

The presence of grain boundaries in a polycrystalline material contribute to

the yield strength because grain boundaries act as obstacles to dislocation
movement.

The number of dislocation under stress 

d d 2
n F  nb   b= d
Gb Gb G

FGBG 1/2
F  FGB y = d   d1/2

 Chapter 10 Strengthening methods and plasticity of polycrystals

Frank-Read source

Why so much dislocations?

Chapter 10 Strengthening methods and plasticity of polycrystals

课题问题

1. 位错发展简史
2. 如何实验观察位错
3. 纳米晶材料的反 Hall-Petch 关系

作业

P156 ： 10.1 ， 10.2 ， 10.5