Conservaton Laws n Partcle

Physcs

A presentaton By
Ansh Dhamala
BSc. Physcs, 4th Year
Quantum numbers

• Numbers that correspond to the

eigenvalues of operators (generators
of transformations) that commute
with the Hamiltonian.

• They depict the values of conserved

quantities in the dynamics of a
quantum system.
1. Lepton Number

• Three different lepton numbers:

i. Electron lepton number
ii. Muon lepton number
iii. Tau lepton number

• Each of these quantities must be conserved separately ( is not

conserved in neutrino oscillation.)

• Assigned 1 for the corresponding lepton (electron, muon, tau,

neutrinos), -1 for the corresponding anti-lepton, and 0 for non-
leptons.

• The total lepton number is hence given by:

2. Baryon Number

• Defined as:

• +1 for the baryons (, -1 for the anti-

baryons, and 0 for non-baryons.
3. Strangeness

• Associated with the presence of a

strange quark.

• Equal to the number of the strange

quarks present in the particle.

• Conserved in strong and

electromagnetic interactions but not
in weak interactions.
 4. Iso-spin

• A vector quantity

• Up and Down quarks have .

• The third component is for up quarks and for down

quarks.

• All other quarks have

• For hadrons in general (excluding anti-particles)

• Strong interaction decays must conserve iso-spin.

 u

d s
≡ 𝐼=0

d s
≡ 𝐼 =− 1
5. Hypercharge

• Defined as

• Strong interactions conserve hypercharge but weak interactions do not.

• The Gell-Mann-Nishijima Formula:

 − 0 0
𝜋 +𝑝 → Λ + 𝜋