NANO GOLD FOR

CANCER THERAPHY
Acknowledgement :
I sincerely acknowledge my gratitude towards our principal Mrs.
Malarkodi , Vels Vidhyalaya Senir Sec. School Kovilpatti , for her
encouragement and all the faculties that she provided for this project . I
shall remain indebted to my chemistry teachers Mr.Porkamalan and Mrs
. Rani foe their valuable support throughout this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for their invaluable
guidance , constant encouragement, immense motivation, which has
sustained my all the stages of this project work…….
I cant forget to offer my sincere thanks to parents and also my taechers
who helped me to carry out to my classmates who helped me to carry
out this project work successful and for their valubl advice and support ,
which I received from them time to time……
Table of content :
• Acknowledgment --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
• Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
• Treatment ways ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6
• Why nano gold is better ? ------------------------------------------------------------- 8
• Types of nano gold ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
• Mechanism of action of nano particles -------------------------------------- 12
• Detection of cancer by nano gold ------------------------------------------------ 16
• Application --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
• Conclusion
• Bibilography
 INTRODUCTION :
Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of the human race . Nearly a million Indians do suffer from cancer every
year . The cancer cells lose the property of contact inhibition and grow un developing a tumour . There are two types
of cancer
• Malignant
• Benign
• benign tumors :
They are mainly do not spread into distinct regions and are confined to their region of formation ( as in the case of breast cancer )
• Malignant tumors :
A malignant tumor is a group of diseased cells defined by one of three characteristics: uncontrolled growth, invasion
and damage of healthy cells, or metastasizing (spreading) to other organs of the body.
Some examples of malignant tumor includes carcinoma , sarcoma , germ cell tumor etc ….
Every year nearly 10 million people die due to cancer . The most common types of cancer includes the

.
1. Breast
2. Lung
3. Rectum and colon

The main cause of cancer includes :

o Tobacco
o Alcohol
o Heredity ( inherited genes )
o UV radiation
o Obesity
o Diet
o HPV virus
TREATMENT WAYS :
• Cancer can be treated by surgery,
, radiation therapy,
hormonal therapy,
 targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody
therapy)
 synthetic lethality.
The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the
stage of the disease,.
• the nano gold type of treatment comes under photothermal theraphy and it has
shown a very promising result
WHY NANO GOLD IS BETTER ?
• Nano medicals have made significant contribution to cancer therapy.
Various new nanoparticles like liposomes, polymers, quantum dots
etc...have been employed to treat cancer successfully.
• Nanogold (AuNp) have been extensively used because they are
biocompatible and proved their efficiency in permeability and
retention effect
• This is also possible because of their size
TYPES OF NANO GOLD :
• There are many subtypes of gold nanoparticles based on the size,
shape, and physical properties
• The various types of gold particles includes : # gold nanospheres
# gold nanorods
# gold nano shells
• NANO SPHERES;
Gold nanospheres of 2 nm to over 100 nm in diameter can be
synthesized by controlled reduction of an aqueous HAuCl4 solution
using different reducing agents under varying conditions
• GOLD NANORODS :
Gold nanorods are synthesized using the template method, based on the electrochemical
deposition of gold within the pores of nano porous polycarbonate or alumina template
membranes.

• GOLD NANOSHELL :
In near infra red region the biomolecules would provide clear optical imaging. By
varying the composition and dimensions of the layers, gold nano shells can be designed and
fabricated with surface plasmon resonance ( SRP )

• GOLD NANOAGES :
Gold nanocages with controllable pores on the surface have been synthesized via
galvanic replacement reaction between truncated silver nanocubes and aqueous HAuCl4
Various types and shapes of gold Different nano particles (NP) used
particles used in cancer therapy to diagnoise cancer
MECHANISM OF
ACTION :
Targeting of cancer cells
specifically is a vital
characteristic of nano-carriers
for drug delivery, as it
enhances the therapeutic
efficacy while protecting
normal cells from
cytotoxicity
it is crucial to first understand
tumor biology and the
interaction between nano-
carriers and tumor cells. The
targeting mechanisms can be
broadly divided into two
categories, passive targeting
and active targeting
Active targeting :
• Active targeting specifically targets cancer cells through direct interactions
between ligands and receptors.
• The ligands on the surface of NPs are selected to target the molecules that are
overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells, which allows them to distinguish
targeted cells from healthy cells
• Therefore, active targeting is particularly suitable for macromolecular drug
delivery, such as proteins and siRNAs. The types of targeting moieties include
monoclonal antibodies, peptides, amino acids, vitamins, and carbohydrate
• These ligands specifically bind to receptors on targeted cells, and the widely
investigated receptors include transferrin receptor, folate receptor,
glycoproteins, and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
Passive targeting :
• Passive targeting is designed to utilize the different characteristics of tumor and normal
tissue.
• In passive targeting, the drugs are successfully delivered to the target site in order to play
a therapeutic role.
• The EPR effect is influenced by the size of NPs, as many studies have demonstrated that
smaller NPs have better penetrability but do not leak into normal vessels the tumor
microenvironment is also an important factor in the passive delivery of nanomedicines.
• Glycolysis is one of the metabolic characteristics of cancer cells and is the main source
of energy for cancer cell proliferation
• Glycolysis yields an acidic environment and reduces the pH of the tumor
microenvironment.
• Subsequently, some pH-sensitive NPs are triggered by the low pH level and are able to
release drugs within the vicinity of cancer cells
DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
TARGETING
 DETECTION BY NANO GOLD :
There are three methods by which gold nano particles detect cancer
1. Light scattering image based
2. Photoacoustic imaging
3. X ray based imaging

All these techniques use gold nano paritcles but differ in mode of action
Light scattering image based :
• the extinction spectra of the gold nanorods on the cell surface were
greatly red-shifted compared with that of free nanorods of the same
size.
• This red shift is believed to rise from the change in the local refractive
index after binding between gold nanoparticles and cells or the
interparticle interaction between the gold nanorods on the cell surface.
• By conjugation, gold nano stars with hyaluronic acid, our group
demonstrated that CD44-overexpressed malignant cells could be
observed under dark-field optical microscopy through the binding
between cell surface receptor and functionalized gold nano stars.
Photoacoustic imaging
:
The photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is based
on the acoustic waves generated by the
thermal expansion of materials induced by
optical excitation
Gold nanoparticles have been highly
attractive for PAI due to their excellent
photothermal conversion ability and
tunable optical properties.
the gold vesicles composed of assembled
gold nanoparticles have strong
photoacoustic signal due to the plasmonic
coupling between the adjacent gold
nanoparticles in the vesicular membranes
Hence they could detect cancer cells easily
because they possess high affinity to
integrin αvβ3 overexpressed by neovessels
X ray image based :
• gold has a stronger X-ray attenuation coefficient than other elements
naturally existed in human bodies. Therefore, the accumulation of gold
nanoparticles in tumors can significantly increase X-ray attenuation,
resulting in high contrast between tumor and healthy tissues on CT images.
• The cancer cell samples showed significant contrast enhancement after
incubation with these gold nanoparticles on multiple CT slices. The use of
acetylated dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles to image cancer in
vivo is also reported
• An example of tumor induced mice have been shown below .the ability to
detect cancer have increased by 10 fold after the insertion of PEGylated
gold nanostars
Amino-PEG functionalized
gold nano stars (GNS-PEG-
NH2) for X-ray and CT
imaging.
(a) And (b) X-ray and CT
images of MCF-7
tumor-bearing mice
after intra tumoral of
PBS and GNS-PEG-
NH2
(c) Corresponding CT
values of tumors in
(b). Reproduced from Ref.
APPLICATION :
There are 3 applications for treatment of cancer
they are :
1. Photothermal therapy
2. Photodynamic therapy
3. Photon based radiation therapy
Photo thermal therapy :
• Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a central application of gold
nanoparticles in cancer treatment. Gold nanoparticles absorb
incident photons and convert them to heat to destroy cancer cells.
• The abnormal vascular structure of tumor is inefficient in
dissipating heat, thus the tumors are more sensitive to
hyperthermia than healthy tissues.
• When irradiated by light, the heat generated by gold
nanoparticles causes biomolecule denaturation and cellular
membrane disruption and kills tumor cells
The image and graphs showing
how nano gold particles detect
gold using the method of photo
thermal therapy
Photo dynamic therapy :
• Already the method is been employed for 100 years but due to the poor
solubility of the photosensitizers it is not that efficient in delivery at the site
of tumor cells
• The gold nano particles serves this purpose because they are used now as
carriers to deliver the photosensitizers
• With rational design, the PDT and PTT effect of photosensitizer-loaded gold
nanoparticles can be combined to further enhance the therapeutic efficacy via
synergistic effect
• Compared with PDT alone, the tumor growth inhibition increased from 79 to
95% for PDT/PTT treatment
• Thus gold nano particles have made the process more easier and effective
Photon based radiation therapy :
• Gold nanoparticles have high atomic number and are more
likely to generate Auger electrons when compared to light
elements of biological tissues.
• The Auger electrons are effective in breaking DNA and only
damage cells in a short distance less than the size of a single
cell.
• This short-range therapeutic effect makes gold nanoparticles
potent to selectively sensitize tumor cells to photon-based
radiation therapy
• the inhibition of cell proliferation increased 30.48% for
Conclusion :
the extensive research on gold nanoparticles over the past decade has
indicated their potential for a rich variety of applications in cancer
imaging and treatment. Many advances were enabled by the
understanding of the chemical synthesis and biobehavior of gold
nanoparticles. These understandings will certainly lead to more practical
clinical applications. The use of gold nanoparticles for drug delivery
and photothermal therapy was proved for phase I and phase II clinical
trials
Combining other imaging and therapeutic modalities may provide a
strategy to overcome this limitation
BIBILOGRAPHY :
• WIKIPEDIA
• Forensin.org
• Intechonpen.com
• National research institute .in
• Research net.in
• Pubmed.in
THANK YOU
By,
K.VAISHALI
XII – A