LOGIC GATES

TABLE OF CONTENT :
• Acknowledgment
• Certificate
• Logic gates
• Discovery and history
• Types
• Application in various field
 Acknowledgment
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my physics teacher __________ as well as my principal
Mrs. Malarkodi, Vels vidhyalaya Senior Sec. School.
who have me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic " Logic Gates" , which
helped me gain a lot of knowledge. I am really thankful
to them I can't forget to offer my sincere thanks to my
patents and also my teachers who helped me to carry
out the project successfully. I would also thank my
classmates whi helped me to carry out this project work
 CERTIFICATE
• NAME
• CLASS
• SUBMITTED TO
• SUBMITTED ON
LOGIC GATE :
• A Logic gate is a kind of the basic building block of a digital
circuit having two inputs and one output. The input and output
relationship is based on a certain logic.
• These gates are implemented using electronic switches such as
diodes, transistors. But, in practice, the basic logic gates are built
using CMOS technology, MOSFET(Metal Oxide Semiconductor
FET), FETS.
• Logic gates are used in microcontrollers, microprocessors,
electronic and electrical project circuits, and embedded system
applications.
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
• In the modern world the information is stored in the form of binary
as addition , subtraction , multiplication , division and are performed
in bits .
• the combination of arithmetic operations with some logic using
binary system by LEIBNEZ .
• The invention of vaccum tube based on the technology of switching
system was introduced which was replaced by the relay system and
finally leads to the destination of logic gates
• However finally the electrochemical logic gates working on the
system of BOOLEAN ALGEBRA was introduced by KONRAND ZUSE .
 TYPES :
There are 7 basic logic gate s. these are added or connected in various
combinations to produce amazing array of devices . Its main use is found in
devices involving semiconductors .the seven basic types are :
AND
OR
NOT
NAND
NOR
XOR
X NOR
AND GATE :
• It consists of two or more inputs but give only on output and that
would be only if both the outputs are high
• If each of the inputs applied to the gate is logic 1 then the output will
be logic 1. Otherwise, if any one of the inputs is 0 the output generated
will be 0. This type of functionality gate is defined as an AND gate.
The AND gate is also known as the ‘ALL’ or ‘NOTHING’ gate.
• The truth table is given as follows :
• if the given inputs are A and B and the generated output is Z the
Boolean expression is given as : Z = AB
• The basic design of AND gate and its representation using diodes and
transistors is given by the following images
OR GATE :
• The OR gate also gives one output for two inputs but it will high even if
one of its input is high
• The Truth table of OR clearly states that the value of output remains
high even if the single output is high. If the inputs applied are A and B
and the output obtained is denoted by Z.
• The same circuit realization can be done based on diodes. To the
applied inputs the diode behaves accordingly. When both the applied
inputs are 0 volts then diodes remain OFF. Then no chance of current
flow through the circuit. Hence there is no voltage drop crossover in
the resistor. Therefore the output generated is 0 volts.
# If anyone of the input or both
the inputs applied are high. Then
both the diodes or either of the
diode is high the current flows
through the circuit .
NOT GATE :
• it consists of one input and one output. If the value applied at the input
is 1 the output will be 0 and vice-versa.
• The symbol for NOT gate is given as follows :
 NAND GATE :
• The combination of AND and NOT gates connected in series is
defined as the NAND gate. All types of binary operations are
performed by these gates.
• The output of NAND Gate is ‘High’ if both the inputs are ‘Low’ and if
either of the input is ‘Low’. The output is ‘Low’ if both the inputs are
‘High’
• Using a diode and NPN transistor a NAND gate can be designed. It has
a AND gate followed by a transistor
• If both the inputs that are A and B applied with 1 both the diodes are
reverse biased. Then the overall supply reaches the base of the
transistor . This turns the transistor ON and the voltage gets short-
circuited to the ground. Hence the output obtained becomes zero.
• Similarly, the diodes are
forward biased for the
other applied inputs and
the transistor is in OFF
mode. Therefore the
outputs obtained in such
cases are high.
 NOR GATE :
• The combination of an OR gate followed by an inverter is determined
as the NOR gate. The reverse operation of the OR gate is observed in
the NOR gate. In the OR gate, the outputs are high if any one of the
inputs or both the inputs is high. But in this gate, the output is high if
both the inputs are 0 or LOW.
• When both the inputs applied are of 0 volts both the transistors are
OFF. Hence there is no voltage drop developed across the resistor. The
final output generated is of +5 volts.
• For the other applied input, either one of the transistors will be ON or
both the transistors are ON. In this situation, a certain voltage drop is
generated. This produces low levels of output.
 XOR GATE :
• Two inputs applied to the gate to generate a single output which is
capable of producing logic 1 as output when any one of the inputs is
high.
• The purpose of this gate is to detect inequality. This is also referred to
as ‘Inequality Detector’. By the connection of logic 1 to any of the
input terminals, the circuit behaves as an inverter.
• The Boolean Expression to define the operation of the XOR gate is
• Z= A⊕B
• The logic circuit diagram for this exclusive gate is designed in the
combination of AND and OR gates at the output.
X NOR GATE :
• The combination of the XOR gate with the basic NOT gate results in
the formation of the XNOR gate
• The image is given by the following figure :
• he reverse operation of XOR is performed in X NOR. When
both the inputs are o or if both the inputs are 1 the resultant is
logic 1 otherwise logic 0 for further inputs.
APPLICATION IN VARIOUS FIELD :
Logic gates are the essentials for the designing of digital
circuits. Some of them are described as follows:
1.In the design of the combinational circuits called
Demultiplexers, Multiplexers, and other digital circuits, these
gates are used.
2.The detection of the number of events that took place in any
situation can be estimated using these gates in the circuits.
3.In certain cases of generation and checking of parity bits,
these gates are used.
THANK YOU
BY :
K.VAISHALI
XII – A