The electromobility of

public transport and

the use of hydrogen as
fuel
Ph.D. Miguel Castro Fernández
Electroenergetic Testing and Research Center (CIPEL)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, CUJAE
Phone: +53 5285 6184 / +53 7266 3008 / +53 5272 5937
Email: mcastro@electrica.cujae.edu.cu
WhatsApp and Telegram: +53 5272 5937
ORCID: 0000-0002-3983-469X

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Introduction

... One day water will be used as fuel, that

hydrogen and oxygen that constitute it, used alone
or together, will provide an inexhaustible source of
heat and light, of an intensity that coal is not
capable of ...

The Mysterious Island, by Jules Verne

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Introduction

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Introduction
Advantages ofof
Disadvantages hydrogen
hydrogenininitsitsuse
useasas
fuel.
fuel.
 Low liquefaction
Relative temperature
molecular stability higher
energy
Low energy per unit volume Its production
content
Combustion
process is highlyatenergetic
high compression
ratios
Difficulties for transportation and storage,
High efficiency
including in vehiclesin MCI
 It Even
is colorless, odorless and
higher efficiency in use its flame
in fuelin air
iscells
almost invisible.
WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN
 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Introduction
 Hydrogen can be used as fuel in ICE or
in fuel cells and in both cases the
product of the reaction is water vapor
and oxygen, without emitting
greenhouse gases in energy production,
which is why it is considered a fuel.
clean that does not contribute to the
increase of the carbon footprint.

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Introduction
Advantage
Disadvantage

Hydrogen
Volumetricenergy
energydensity
densityper
ofunit mass:
hydrogen,
39.5 kWh/kg
under normal conditions: 2.2 kWh/m3
Energy
 density
Volumetric of oildensity
energy per unitofmass: 13.1
oil, under
kWh/kgconditions: 10,445.3 kWh/m3
normal
At the
At the same
same mass,
volume, hydrogen
hydrogen contains
contains 3
onlytimes
0.0002 times
more the energy
energy than oilof oil.

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Introduction
At 700 bars, the specific volume
of Hydrogen
hydrogen storage
is 38.9is kg/m a problem
3
, that has not
been
which fullyitresolved
makes possible and to storeis an important
6.3 limitation for itsinmassive
kg of hydrogen a 160-liter use.
tank.
 For use in cars, technologies have been
a.If the car has an internal
developed that store hydrogen in tanks at a
combustion engine, it would
pressure of 700 bar (700 times atmospheric
reach a range of approximately
150pressure).
km.
b.b. If the car works with a fuel
cell, it would give it an
approximate autonomy of 300
km.
WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN
 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Introduction
And …. given the group of advantages and
disadvantages that the use of hydrogen has in
SOME
society, REASONS FOR THIS
one might wonder... and CRITERION
why its use in

theMuch higher
transport spending on fuel for
sector?
transportation than on domestic fuel
Greater efficiency of hydrogen cars (from
13% in CI cars to 35-45% in hydrogen cars)
Less or almost zero greenhouse gas
emissions

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for the

introduction of hydrogen in
transport

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Road map for hydrogen

What is required to introduce Hydrogen

technology to transportation?

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Road map for hydrogen

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Road map for hydrogen

What, then, depends on the investments that must be made?
1. Place of production, place of use.
2. Production level
3. Storage type
4. Compression capacity
5. Vehicle type
6. Number of vehicles to serve, and
service time.
7. Type of construction
8. Dispensing system type
WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN
 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Road map for hydrogen

Location

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Road map for hydrogen

Challengers
• A legal basis.
• A production (availability of green and
scaled hydrogen).
• Distribution mechanisms.
• Financing.
• An effective demand.

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

What should define the roadmap for the introduction of
Hydrogen technology in transport?

• Define objectives and dates

• Create facility network
• Technical and economic
requirements
• Priorities in the transport sector
• Deployment strategy
• Projects
WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN
 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

Roadmap in Europe for the introduction of hydrogen in the
transport sector
It is based on the European Hydrogen Strategy, which
establishes three time horizons: 2024, 2030 and 2050.
• First phase 2020-2024: Installation of at least 6 GW of
electrolysers in the EU and the production of up to 1
million tons of renewable hydrogen.
Location of production close to its consumption, and
power from local renewable sources.
Need for hydroliners to dispense FCEV.
WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN
 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

Roadmap in Europe for the introduction of hydrogen in the
transport sector
• Second phase 2025-2030: With the strategic objective of
installing at least 40 GW of electrolysers by 2030 and the
production of up to 10 million tons of renewable
hydrogen in the EU.
Renewable H2 competitive in price with other forms of
H2 production
Renewable H2 with a role in the balance and flexibility of
an SE
WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN
 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

Roadmap in Europe for the introduction of hydrogen in the
transport sector

• Third phase 2030-2050: Reach maturity and roll out on a

large scale to reach all hard-to-decarbonise sectors
where other alternatives might not be feasible or have
higher costs.
Massive increase (25% of RES would be used to
produce H2 by 2050).
Penetration in other sectors of the economy.

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

Roadmap in Europe for the introduction of hydrogen in the
transport sector

The hydrogen value chain depends on three elements:

•Production
•Storage and transportation
•End use

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

Roadmap in Europe for the introduction of hydrogen
in the transport sector

Hydrogen production technologies

• Hydrogen from RES

Production • Hydrogen from natural gas
• Hydrogen from biogas

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

Roadmap in Europe for the introduction of hydrogen in the
transport sector

Storage
and
transportation

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

Roadmap in Europe for the introduction of hydrogen in the
transport sector
Industria de refino
Industria química
Industria metalúrgica
Final
Almacenamiento energético
use
Sector eléctrico
Sector gasista
Economía circular

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

Roadmap in Europe for the introduction of hydrogen in the
transport sector
Road transport
Rail transport
Maritime transport
Final Aviation
use

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

Introduction of hydrogen in land transport. Spain case
• First measure.- International collaboration in the
development of consumption standardization.
• Second measure.- Develop incentives for the purchase
of vehicles with hydrogen as fuel and encourage the
purchase of captive fleets such as police, buses, taxis).
• Third measure.- Support the Spanish automotive industry
to encourage the production of fuel cell EVs powered by
hydrogen.

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

Introduction of hydrogen in land transport. Spain case
• Fourth measure.- Promote feasibility studies and
tests to replace diesel trains with hydrogen fuel
cell trains.
• Fifth measure.- Development of a national railway
infrastructure for hydrogen refueling
• Sixth measure.- Develop specific legislation for
hydrogen production and dispensing facilities.

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

Roadmap for hydrogen

Introduction of hydrogen in land transport. Spain case
• Seventh measure.- Include the implementation of
hydrogen stations in hydrogen stations in future
subsidies.
• Eighth measure.- Consider the presence of
hydrogen dispensing stations alongside the
current service centers..

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

The car with hydrogen

as fuel

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

The car with hydrogen as fuel inside concept EV

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

The car with hydrogen as fuel

Components
of traction
system

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

The car with hydrogen as fuel

The hydrogen car: vehicle considered zero
emissions.
In the process only water vapor is released.
Depending on the model, there are one or
more electric motors that are responsible for
the movement of the car.
Additionally, the battery, the fuel cell and the
storage tank make up the fundamental
identity card of mobility.

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

The car with hydrogen as fuel

¿How does a FCEV work?
• Once the driver starts the VH, the hydrogen in
the tank goes to the fuel cell.
• In the cell, hydrogen and oxygen extracted from
the outside are mixed, through a compressor, to
produce electricity and water.
• The electricity, thus produced, is stored in the
batteries, not being delivered directly to the
motor, but through these batteries.

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

The car with hydrogen as fuel

But….. what characteristics do the hydrogen dispensing
points have?
• Applicable standard: SAE J2601.
• Temperature categories for fuel dispensing:
T40, T30 and T20.
• Dispense pressure categories: H70 and H35.
• Volumes for the hydrogen storage system:
from 49.7 to 248 liters.
• Time to dispense hydrogen: 3 minutes.

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

The car with hydrogen as fuel

The safety of vehicles with hydrogen as fuel
Some elements in favor of the FCEV
• Reinforcement of storage tanks with carbon fiber.
• Minimization of possible leaks and, if one occurs,
there are methods to detect it and close the flow of
hydrogen to prevent its accumulation.
• ADAS systems.
• Safer racks.
• Autoignition temperature much higher than that of
gasoline.
WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN
 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

The car with hydrogen as fuel

The safety of vehicles with hydrogen as fuel

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

The car with hydrogen as fuel

The safety of vehicles with hydrogen as fuel

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

The car with hydrogen as fuel

The safety of vehicles with hydrogen as fuel

What happens with

a battery that
catches fire?
Can it be turned off
by traditional
means?

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 THE ELECTROMOBILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL

The car with hydrogen as fuel

The safety of vehicles with hydrogen as fuel

Are there other

methods to put
out a fire in an
electric vehicle?

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN

 The electromobility of
public transport and
the use of hydrogen as
fuel
Ph.D. Miguel Castro Fernández
Electroenergetic Testing and Research Center (CIPEL)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, CUJAE
Phone: +53 5285 6184 / +53 7266 3008 / +53 5272 5937
Email: mcastro@electrica.cujae.edu.cu
WhatsApp and Telegram: +53 5272 5937
ORCID: 0000-0002-3983-469X

WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN