UNESCO

• The whole distinctive spiritual, material,

intellectual and emotional features that
characterize a society or social group.
• It includes not only the arts and letters, but
also modes of life, the fundamental rights
of human being, value systems, traditions
and beliefs.
 UNESCO
• But a more operational definition of culture
will show its three-layered structure.
• Its underlying basis is world view or
perception of life, which give rise to values
and attitudes, which in turn lead to the
cultivation and crafting of appropriate
skills, symbols, norms and standards.
 An Illustration
• If a people perceive their country to be a
dangerous place to live in, they will develop
the values of vigilance, alertness and
resourcefulness, which in turn will lead them
to cultivate skills such as martial arts, safety
and security skills and technological
competence.
• one country with such a culture is Israel, and
understandably so because it is surrounded
by hostile neighbors from all sides.
 Decolonizing the Filipino Psyche
• Un-Filipino Perspective
The moment we Filipino began to view
ourselves through Western eyes, what we
held sacred suddenly became worthless,
our virtues turned into vices, our strengths
began to be seen as weakness.
Anything indigenous became a source of
embarrassment and uneasiness.
We would hide whatever is native sounding
or native in origin.
Just consider how elegant these
Filipino names are:
• AGANI – harvest • AYO – fitness, goodness
• AKASI – god of well being • BANAAG – ray of light
• ALAYA – dawn • BIGHANI – allurement,
• ALO – console fascination
• ANDEL – trust • BIKAS – elegance
• ANNI – spring • BINI – modesty
• ARO – love • CHAYA – heaven,sky
• ASI – mercy • DANIW – poetry
• AVID – beauty • DARIL – reason
• AYAD – goodness
Just consider how elegant these
Filipino names are:
• DAWANI – goddess of
rainbow
• DAYON – lasting, stable
• DIAYA-gift, offering, hero
• DURRI – a precious gem
• EDEL – gem
• GITING – heroism,
determination
• HALI-repose, peace of
mind
• HAMILI – noble
• HIRAYA, HARAYA- vision
• INARO-beloved
• IGI – fineness
• IJIN – fortune, luck
• JAN – reason
• JANJI-promise, pledge
• JATTI – pure
• KAISA-harmonious
• KARI – promise, oath
Just consider how elegant these
Filipino names are:
• KASIL-strength, vigor • LENOS-wind
• KAYA – • LIKHA – creation,invention
ability,competence • LINANG-cultivated,
• KISSA-legend refined,developed
• LAAD-flame, ardor • LIYAG – beloved
• LAGOR-love, affection • LOREM-cloud
• LAILO-affection, caress • MAAN-to
• LAMI – joy understand,know
• LAYA – freedom, meaning
emancipation • MALIW-knowledge
Just consider how elegant these
Filipino names are:
• MANI-harvest • NURI-a magical bird
• MARIGON-strong • PAROS-wind
• MARIS-color • PATNUBAY-guide
• MAVID-beautiful • PITHAYA-deep desire
• MIRAD-pillar • RAMIL-reason
• MITHI-ideal,virtue • RAYA-to grow
• MUNI-reflect,ponder • RIGA-red
• NATRA-legend • SADYA-happiness
• NAYAD-care
• NILAY-to reflect
Just consider how elegant these
Filipino names are:
• SAHAYA – splendor, clarity
• SANGHAYA-charisma,
distinction
• SEGA-sun
• SIBOL-growth
• SIDHA-perfection
• SIDHAYA-eloquence
• SIDHI-intensity, potency
• SUDI-brilliance, luster
• TIMYAS-purity,of
love,regard, loyalty
• TAL-indigenous, genuine
• TALIMA-to care for
• TANI-pledge
• TASI-witness
• UPPI-dream
• WAGAS-pure
• WALI-seer
• WILI-appreciation,interest
How Society Is Organized?

Commonalities Across Time and Space

 How society is Organized
• All societies are organized around conflict, unequal
division of labor and important decision-making for the
whole group .
• Modern societies are expected to provide protection,
law and order, economic security, and sense of
belonging to their members.
• In Social Sciences, it is their main goal to understand
and create theories on how society is being organized
• A group is where people have the chance to interact
with other people and think of themselves as
belonging together.
 How society is Organized
• Each society is made up of smaller groups and
associations that are built on social class, personal
interest, or common goals.
• Muzafer Sherif, a well-known social Psychologist,
proposed to define a social group as a number of
individuals interacting with each other with respect to:
1. Common motives and goals
2. An established division of labor, i.e.roles
3. Established status (social rank,, dominance) relationships
4. Accepted norms and values with relevance to matters
relevant to the group
5. Development of accepted sanctions if and when norms were
respected or violated.
GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY: PRIMARY
• According to Charles Horton Cooley, a primary group
is a small group whose members share personal and
lasting relationships.
• Members of the primary spend a great deal of time
together, engage in a wide range of activities and
leisure time together, and feel that they know each one
another well. In short, they show real concern for one
another.
• The primary group play a significant role in an
individual’s development.
• Relationships formed in primary groups are often long-
lasting and goals in themselves.
GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY: PRIMARY
• They also are often psychologically comforting to the
individuals involved and provide a source of support.
• These are some primary groups:
 Family – Families spend a significant amount of time together
, allowing the members to support, comfort and encourage
one another. Families are connected for a lifetime and are
significant to each member’s personal growth.
 Friends – They often spend a lot of time experiencing
different adventures together, chatting about personal stories
and simply enjoying each-others’ company.
 Love relationships – a couple in a love relationship is first
brought together as a result of a mutual physical and
emotional attraction. They spend a significant amount of time
together, whether that involves learning about one another or
collectively sharing new experiences.
 The Diversity of Human Societies
• Can Indians of different castes (such as
Brahmins and Untouchables) marry?
• Can Sudanese women divorce their husbands?
• Do Inuit (Eskimo) couples live with the wife or
the husband’s family?
• Can women marry women in Kenya?
Browse the worldwide database, the Human
Relations Area Files http://www.yale.edu/hraf/
 Sex (biologically attributed)
and
Gender (socially attributed)
• Culture- specific
distinctions are
made on the basis
of practical issues
and power relations
• Ex: berdache and Alternative gender roles were among the
most widely shared features of North
two-spirits American societies. Male berdaches have
questions ‘womens’ been documented in over 155 tribes. In
about a third of these groups, a formal
and ‘mens’ roles status also existed for females who
undertook a man’s lifestyle, becoming
hunters, warriors, and chiefs.
 What is the History of Gender
Roles?
• Women and men valued equally
through most of human history
• Evidence of women’s subordination
first appears about 5000 years ago
• Related to new economic roles in
socially stratified societies
• Associated with the appearance of
states
• Accompanied by thinking that
attributes behavioral differences to
biology, not culture
• This thinking is like the arguments
that support racism
• Motivated by states’ attempts to
control fertility (the means of RE-
production) and thus facilitate state
control over labor, inheritance,
military service, etc
 Age
• Traditionally, age has
been associated with
greater wisdom and this
“knowledge-authority”
recognized with special
treatment.
• Contemporary society
undermines this in
several ways (ex. rapid
technological change, the
spatial and social
distancing of older
members from younger
members of the society)
 Kinship and Family

These basic social units

vary in composition and
structure, but all societies
have them:

• basic reproduction and

inheritance unit

• support (economic,
social, emotional, moral,
etc)

• protects children
 Marriage:
A Domestic Partnership found
Throughout the World
forms and rules vary but all
• impose rules of sexual access
• ensure children are provided for
• clarify inheritance rules

examples of rules:
• ‘woman marriage’ among the Kipsigis of Kenya
• levirate (woman marries brothers) and sororate
(man marries sisters)
• exogamy (marriage outside the community) and
endogamy (marriage within the
community)
• descent and residence: matrilineal/matrilocal,
patrilineal/patrilocal, bi-lineal/bi-local
• polygyny (more than one wife) and polyandry
(more than one husband)
 Common Interests and Identities
• ethnicity, community,
politics, religion, etc
 Status
standing in society relative
to others within one’s
group.

• ascribed (at birth) (ex.

the UK royal family)
• achieved (won through
merit) (ex. Abraham
Lincoln among US
presidents)
 Class
• broad categories of economic
status and social position
• elaborate systems of learned
behavior formed around core
values (ex: simplicity and
directness vs. elaborated ritual
and diplomacy
• Caste, in which social class is
ascribed at birth and is the
same as the birth family,
contrasts with the fluid US
class system which promises
upward mobility through
education, wealth acquisition,
etc
 Role
• function in society
• both in kinship (mother,
uncle, daughter, nephew,
etc)
• and in occupation
(firefighter, lawyer,
sanitation worker)
• individuals have multiple
roles in society
 Ranking
• position in a
hierarchy (ex.
Canadian court
system, US &
Ph military, )
 Heterarchy
• System by which
individuals or other
units are unranked,
or ranked
according to
changing needs

• All societies have

both hierarchical
and heterarchical
aspects
 Hierarchy to Heterarchy
• The power in
mentoring
relationship need to
shift to a consultative
and collaborative
heterarchy
• A would stimulate B
and inhibit C. B
would stimulate C
and inhibit A. C would
stimulate A and
inhibit B.
 TYPES OF GROUP
• PRIMARY –a small • EXAMPLES
intimate, and less – Family
specialized group – Close friends
whose members – Work related peers
engage in face-to- – Classmates
face and emotion – Church groups
based interactions
over extended
period of time
 TYPES OF GROUP
• SECONDARY –in • EXAMPLE
contrast, are larger, less
intimate, and more
specialized groups
where members engage
in an impersonal and
objective-oriented
relationship for a limited
time.
– An employee in a factory
may initially consider his
workplace as secondary
group but soon fosters a
deep bond with his or her
colleagues after a
considerable amount of
time spent together. Like
wedding sponsors, or be
the godparents to his or
her newborn baby
 TYPES OF GROUP
• IN-GROUP –is a • EXAMPLE
group to which one – University fraternities and
belongs and with which sororities.
one feels a sense of
identity.
• AN OUT-GROUP – a
group to which one does
not belong and to which
he or she may feel a
sense of
competitiveness or
hostility
 TYPES OF GROUP
• REFERENCE - a group • EXAMPLE
to which an individual – An individual’s primary
compares himself or group or his or her in-
herself groups
– They seek to emulate the
• Influence an individual’s
career or profession of one
behavior and social of their parents.
attitudes whether he or
she is a member of
these groups
 TYPES OF GROUP
• NETWORKs – refers to • EXAMPLE
the structure of
relationships between
social actors or groups.
• These are
interconnections, ties,
linkages between
people, their groups and
the larger social
institutions to which they
all belong to.
– Your social media account
– FB
– Twitter.
– Modern societies feature
more expansive, diverse,
and overlapping social
networks than primitive
ones.