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Tatalaksana Tekanan Tinggi Intrakranial Pada Anak-Dikonversi
Tatalaksana Tekanan Tinggi Intrakranial Pada Anak-Dikonversi
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
DZULFIKAR DLH
UKK EMERGENSI DAN RAWAT INTENSIF ANAK
Tujuan Pembelajaran Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
• Life threatening
• Etiologi: Neurologis dan Non
neurologis
• 20% yang dirawat di PICU
• Gangguan:
– volume jaringan otak
– volume darah intrakranial
– cairan serebrospinalis
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.
Singhi SC TL. Management of intracranial hypertension. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:519-28.
Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Definisi Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Ankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr.2010;77:1409-16.
Singhi SC TL. Management of intracranial hypertension. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:519-28.
Etiologi Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16
Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Peningkatan • Hidrosefalus
Volume LCS • Papiloma pleksus choroideus
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16
Etiologi Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.
Singhi SC TL. Management of intracranial hypertension. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:519-28.
Edema Serebri Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
• Berdasarkan luasnya:
»Fokal
»Global
• Berdasarkan patofisiologi:
»Vasogenik
»Interstitial
»Sitotoksik
Rabinstein A. Treatment of cerebral edema. The Neurologist. 2006;12:59-69
Edema Serebri Vasogenik Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
• Hipotesis Monro-Kellie :
– Volume otak (80%), darah (10%), dan LCS
(10%) konstan
• TIK normal:
– Anak lebih besar: 10-15 mmHg
– Anak: 3-7 mmHg
– Bayi: 1,5-6 mmHg
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.
Singhi SC TL. Management of intracranial hypertension. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:519-28.
Hukum Monroe-Kellie Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
(CPP) Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
• Nilai normal:
- Anak-anak > 50-60 mmHg
- Bayi > 40-50 mmHg
• CPP < 40 mmHg merupakan prediktor kematian
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.
Singhi SC TL. Management of intracranial hypertension. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:519-28.
Gejala dan Tanda Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
– Iritabel, letargis
– Bingung, disorientasi
– Penurunan respons
– Muntah
– Nyeri kepala
– Pupil dilatasi
– Deserebrasi
Rabinstein A. Treatment of cerebral edema. The Neurologist. 2006;12:59-69.
Trias Cushing Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Hipertensi
Bradipnea/
Bradikardia
irreguler
Pemeriksaa • Deserebrasi
n Fisik • Pupil dilatasi
Pemeriksaa • Funduskopi
• CT Scan
n • MRI
penunjang
Friess SH KT, Huh JW. Advanced neuromonitoring and imaging in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Crit Care
Research Pract. 2012;6:1-11
Monitoring Intrakranial Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
INDIKASI
• Kriteria neurologi : GCS<9
• Multiple trauma
• Adanya massa intrakranial akibat trauma
• Pasien yang resiko terjadinya perdarahan
TBI, SAH, Tumor, Stroke, HCP, CNS infection, fulminan hepatic
failure
KONTRAINDIKASI
• Sadar
• Koagulopati
Tujuan:
• Mempertahankan tekanan intrakranial dalam
batas normal
• Mempertahankan CPP> 60 mmHg dengan
mempertahankan MAP
• Menghindari faktor yang dapat menyebabkan
TTIK
Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
TATALAKSANA UMUM Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Posisi Kepala
Tatalaksana gagal napas
Sedasi analgesia
Demam
Hipertensi
Kejang
Anemia
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.`
Singhi SC TL. Management of intracranial hypertension. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:519-28.
Posisi Kepala Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.`
Manajemen Gagal Napas Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.`
Singhi SC TL. Management of intracranial hypertension. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:519-28
Sedasi dan Analgesia Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.`
Singhi SC TL. Management of intracranial hypertension. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:519-28
Demam Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
TTIK
Antihipertensi jenis vasodilator (nitroprusid,
nitrogliserin, nifedipin) harus dihindari.
beta blockers (Labetolol, esmolol), reseptor
agonis α
(klonidin) dapat digunakan efek TTIK (-)
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.`
Singhi SC TL. Management of intracranial hypertension. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:519-28
Anemia Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.`
Pencegahan Kejang Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
Hiperosmolar
1. Manitol
• Mekanisme Kerja:
– Memindahkan cairan dari jaringan otak ke
intravaskuler diekskresikan melalui ginjal
– Hemodinamik penurunan viskositas darah dan
hematokrit vasokonstriksi & penurunan
tekanan intrakranial
Castillo LR GS, Robertson CS. Management of intracranial hypertension. Neurol Clin. 2008;26:521-41
Rabinstein A. Treatment of cerebral edema. The Neurologist. 2006;12:59-69.
Dosis manitol Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
• Asetazolamid
– Dosis: 20-100 mg/kgBB/hari dibagi 3 dosis
• Furosemid
– Dosis: 1 mg/kgBB/hari dibagi 3 dosi
• Gliserol
– Dosis: 1,5 g/kgBB/hari setiap 4 atau 6 jam
• Lorazepam, pankuronium
• Kerugian:
–Gangguan neurologis tidak dapat
dimonitor
Ringan:
–PaCO2 30-35 mmHg
Agresif:
–PaCO2 <30
mmHg
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.
Barbitura Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
t
• Tiophental
• Mengurangi aliran darah ke otak, mengurangi
pembentukan edema, menurunkan
metabolisme otak
• Dosis
– loading 5 mg/kgBB: 30 menit, diikuti
drip 1-5 mg/kgBB selama 1 jam
Deksametason
• Mekanisme kerja
–penurunan permeabilitas sel endotel
• Dosis
– 0,1-0,2 mg/kgBB tiap 6 jam
Castillo LR GS, Robertson CS. Management of intracranial hypertension. Neurol Clin. 2008;26:521-41.
Operati Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
f
• Reseksi massa
• Drainase cairan serebrospinal
• Kraniektomi dekompresi
Sankhyan N RK, Sharma S, Gulati S. Management of raised intracranial pressure. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:1409-16.
Singhi SC TL. Management of intracranial hypertension. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:519-28.
Prognosis Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
TTIK Life
threatening Sign
Tatalaksan
Symptom
s a
Etiologi
Emergensi d a n
R a w a t Intensif A n a k
TERIMA KASIH