Circulatory

System
Research On Circulatory System
November Assignment
 Table of Contents
Introduction Human Heart
What is the circulatory system, its 01 04 What is the human heart, its
parts and its functions ? function ?

Blood Structure of Heart

What is blood and what is it 02 05 Parts and Functions of the parts of
responsible for ? a human heart ?

Blood Vessels Working of Heart

What do the blood vessels do and what 03 06 How does the heart work and
is its functions ? types of circulation ?
Quote
“Ancient stars in their death throes spat
out atoms like iron which this universe
had never known. Now the iron of old
nova coughings vivifies the redness of
our blood.”

—Howard Bloom
 01

Introduction
What is the circulatory system, its
parts and its functions
What is the Circulatory System ?
• The circulatory system in humans consists of blood, blood vessels and heart.
• The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is
an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients.
• Many diseases affect the circulatory system. This includes cardiovascular disease, affecting
the cardiovascular system, and lymphatic disease affecting the lymphatic
system. Cardiologists are medical professionals which specialise in the heart,
and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding
areas. Vascular surgeons focus on other parts of the circulatory system.
• The circulatory system helps the human body in fighting infections by the transport of
antibodies through blood.
Key Numbers

16360 Litres
225-340gm
Is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in 24 hours

Is the Weight of Heart

4.5-5.5 Litres
Is the amount of blood an average adult human body has
Some Parts
Heart
Heart is responsible
for transport of blood
throughout the body

Veins
Veins carry blood from
different parts of the body to
the heart

Arteries
These blood vessels
transport blood from the
heart to the body
Some Cardiovascular Diseases
Atherosclerotic Heart Disease Arrhythmia
Damage or disease in the heart's major blood Improper beating of the heart, whether
vessels. irregular, too fast or too slow.

High Blood Pressure (hypertension) Peripheral Artery Disease

A condition in which the force of the blood against A circulatory condition in which narrowed blood
the artery walls is too high. vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs.
 Prevention of
Cardiovascular Diseases

• Control your blood pressure

• Keep your cholesterol and triglyceride levels under

control.

• Stay at a healthy weight

• Eat a healthy diet.

 02

Blood
What is blood and what is it
responsible for ?
What is Blood ?
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue which contains specialised cells.
• In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which
constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume), and
contains proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main
medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves.
• It brings oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body so they can keep working. Blood
carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys, and digestive
system to be removed from the body. Blood also fights infections, and carries hormones
around the body.
• The blood circulation was famously described by William Harvey in 1628.
• The ABO blood group system was discovered in the year 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. Jan
Jansky is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, and
O) in 1907, which remains in use today.
Functions of Blood
• Supplying oxygen to cells and tissues.
• Providing essential nutrients to cells, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose.
• Removing waste materials, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid.
• Protecting the body from diseases, infections, and foreign bodies.
• Regulating body Temperature.
• Blood helps in the transport of hormones throughout the human body.
• Blood is also responsible for the transport of electrolytes which are minerals in your blood
that helps in regulating and controlling the balance of fluids in the body.
Some Blood Related Diseases
ANEMIA
People with anemia have a low
number of red blood cells.
LEUKOPENIA
Leukopenia is a decrease in the
number of white blood cells,
which puts a person at risk for
infection.
THALASSEMIA ERYTHROCYTOSIS
This is a genetic form of anemia Erythrocytosis is defined as an
that mostly affects people of excess of erythrocytes or red
Mediterranean heritage. blood cells.
THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
TTP is a rare blood condition characterized by the formation of
small clots within the circulation. This results in the destruction of
platelets and results in a low platelet count.
Prevention
● Annual physical examinations.
● Annual check-up of joints, bones, and
muscles.
● Physical therapy (PT) check-up every year.
● Regular exercise & active lifestyle.
● Eat healthy meals.
● Maintain ideal body weight.
● Get an adequate amount of sleep every
day.
● Do not miss any vaccinations
Blood Groups
• The term “blood group” refers to the entire blood group system comprising red blood cell
(RBC) antigens whose specificity is controlled by a series of genes which can be allelic or
linked very closely on the same chromosome.
• Karl Landsteiner has been credited for the discovery of ABO blood group system in 1900.
• At present, 33 blood group systems representing over 300 antigens are listed by the
International Society of Blood Transfusion.
• Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents.
• In an emergency, a transfusion of O negative red blood cells can be given to anybody, but it is
better to match the exact blood group to avoid serious reactions.
• A blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood components from one person to another.
Transfusions are of red blood cells or other components such as plasma or platelets.
Main Blood Groups
• There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Your blood group is
determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. Each group can be either RhD positive or
RhD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups.

A+ve and A-ve B+ve and B-ve

AB+ve and AB-ve O+ve and O-ve

• AB positive blood type is known as the “universal recipient.”

• People with type O blood are called "universal donors."
 03

Blood Vessels
What do the blood vessels do and what
is its functions ?
 What are Blood Vessels ?
• The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout
the human body.
• These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body.
• They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues.
• Blood vessels are needed to sustain life, because all of the body's tissues rely on their
functionality.
• There are five types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart;
the arterioles; the capillaries, where the exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and
the tissues occurs; the venules; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back towards
the heart.
Main Types of Blood Vessels
Arteries
An artery (plural arteries) is a blood vessel in
humans, and most other animals that
takes blood away from the heart to one or more
parts of the body (tissues, lungs, brain etc.). Most
arteries carry oxygenated blood; the two
exceptions are the pulmonary and the umbilical
arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the
organs that oxygenate it (lungs and placenta,
respectively).
Veins
Veins are blood vessels in humans, and most
other animals that carry blood towards
the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated
blood from the tissues back to the heart;
exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical
veins, both of which carry oxygenated
blood to the heart.
 Diseases of Blood Vessels
Atherosclerosis - Atherosclerosis is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis in which the wall of
the artery develops abnormalities, called lesions.

Aneurysm - An aneurysm is an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon, caused by a localized, abnormal,
weak spot on a blood vessel wall.

Venous Thrombosis - Venous thrombosis is thrombosis in a vein, caused by a thrombus (blood clot).

Erythromelalgia - Erythromelalgia or Mitchell's disease (after Silas Weir Mitchell), is a rare vascular peripheral
pain disorder in which blood vessels, usually in the lower extremities or hands, are episodically blocked
(frequently on and off daily), then become hyperemic and inflamed.

Stroke - A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death.
Prevention
• Don’t smoke

• Get and stay active

• Choose healthy foods

• Follow your treatment plan for diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure

• Limit alcohol

• Reduce stress

• Eat a healthy diet

 04

Human Heart
What is the human heart, its function and
circulatory system ?
What is the Human Heart ?
● The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of
the circulatory system.
● The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such
as carbon dioxide to the lungs.
● In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in
the middle compartment of the chest.
● In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and
right atria and lower left and right ventricles.
● Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left
counterparts as the left heart.
● The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount
of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium,
and endocardium.
Functions of Heart
The heart plays a key role in the circulation of blood and maintaining the mechanism of the whole body. It is the most vital organ of
the human body.
The heart performs the following important functions:
The primary function of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body:
It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide and wastes from the blood.
It also helps to maintain adequate blood pressure throughout the body.
The heart functions in the following ways:
The arteries receive oxygenated blood from the heart and supply it throughout the body. Whereas, the veins carry the deoxygenated
blood from all the body parts to the heart for oxygenation.
The right atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps the blood received from the right atrium to the lungs.
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
The left ventricle transfers blood to the aorta which pumps the oxygenated blood throughout the body.
 Some Diseases of The Heart
Cardiomyopathy:- Congenital heart defects:-
Cardiomyopathy is a disease that causes the Congenital heart defects are heart problems that develop when
muscles of the heart to grow larger and turn rigid, a fetus is growing. Some heart defects are never diagnosed.
Others may be found when they cause symptoms, such as:
thick, or weak. Symptoms of this condition include:
● • Blue-tinged skin
Fatigue
● Bloating • Swelling of the extremities
● Swollen legs, especially ankles and feet
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
● shortness of breath
● • Fatigue and low energy
Pounding or rapid pulse
• Irregular heart rhythm
Prevention
● Don't smoke or use tobacco
● Get moving: Aim for at least 30 to 60 minutes of exercise daily
● Eat a heart-healthy diet
● Maintain a healthy weight
● Get good quality sleep
● Manage stress
● Get regular health screenings
● Limit alcohol intake.
 05

Structure of Heart
Parts and Functions of the parts of a human
heart ?
What are the Parts and Functions of the Human Heart ?
● Right Auricle:-
Is the part which receives the deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.
● Right Ventricle:-
Is the part which is responsible for receiving the deoxygenated blood from the right auricle. Right Ventricle is
also responsible for sending the deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation this is done through the
pulmonary artery.
● Left Auricle:-
The oxygenated blood is received by the left auricle from the lungs through pulmonary veins.
● Left Ventricle:-
Is responsible for receiving blood from the left auricle and also for sending the oxygenated blood throughout
the body through the aorta.
 06

Working of Heart
How does the heart work ?
How does the Heart Work ?

1. The right atrium receives deoxygenated

blood from throughout the body using two
veins – superior vena cava and inferior vena
cava and then sends the deoxygenated blood
to the right ventricle.

2. The right ventricle receives the

deoxygenated blood from the right atrium
and then sends the deoxygenated blood to
the lungs for oxygenation through the
pulmonary artery.

{Diagram of the Heart}

3. The oxygenated blood is then received by the left atrium from the lungs through the pulmonary
veins and then sends the blood to the left ventricle.

4. The left ventricle receives the blood from the left atrium and sends oxygenated blood through
aorta to the different parts of the body.

{What is the Cycle of Blood Circulation}

Right Right Left

Lungs
Atrium Ventricle Atrium

Left
Body Aorta
Ventricle
Valves of the Heart
● Tricuspid Valve
The tricuspid valve, or right atrioventricular valve, is on the right dorsal side of the mammalian heart, at the superior portion of the right ventricle. The
function of the valve is to prevent back flow (regurgitation) of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium during right ventricular
contraction: systole.
● Bicuspid Valve
The mitral valve or the bicuspid valve is located in the left side of the heart, between the left atrium and left ventricle. Oxygen-rich blood flows into the
left atrium from the pulmonary veins. When the left atrium fills with blood, the mitral valve opens to allow blood to flow to the left ventricle.
It then closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium. All of this happens in a matter of seconds as the heart beats.
● Pulmonary Valve
The pulmonary valve is one of four valves that regulate blood flow in the heart. The valve lies between the lower right heart chamber (right ventricle)
and the pulmonary artery.
● Aortic Valve
The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle (lower heart pumping chamber) and the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. Valves
maintain one-way blood flow through the heart.
Types of Circulation
● Pulmonary Circulation
In this process, the right ventricle send deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation through
pulmonary artery and the left auricle receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through pulmonary
vein.
● Systemic Circulation
In this process, the right auricle receives deoxygenated blood from the different parts of the body and
the left ventricle sends oxygenated blood through aorta
to different parts of the body.
Double Circulation
● The majority of mammals (including humans) utilise a double circulatory system. This means
that we have two loops in our body in which blood circulates. One is oxygenated, meaning
oxygen rich, and the other is deoxygenated, which means it has little to no oxygen but a lot of
carbon dioxide.
{What does Double Circulation Contain}

Oxygenated Loop
Double
Circulation

Deoxygenated Loop
 Thanks!
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