CHAPTER 4

PERIODIC TABLE
OF ELEMENTS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF
ELEMENTS

ANTOINE LAVOISIER (1743 – 1794)

Elements were classified into 4 groups
BASED ON:

Similar properties
Gas/ non-metal/ metal/ metal oxides
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF
ELEMENTS
JOHANN WOLFGANG DOBEREINER (1780 –
1849)
Elements were arranged into groups of 3 elements with
similar properties.

The 3 groups : Triads (known as)

The elements in the middle of the triad has atomic mass

that is average of the other 2 members:

Succesfully showed the relationship between:

Chemical properties ժ mass of atom

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF
ELEMENTS

JOHN NEWLANDS (1837 – 1898)

Elements were arranged ascending

atomic mass

Introduce the Law of Octaves – similar

chemical properties were repeated at
every 8th elements
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF
ELEMENTS
LOTHAR MEYER (1830 – 1895)
 Plotted a graph of the atomic volume
against the atomic mass of an element.

 Elements with similar chemical properties,

were positioned at equivalent position on
the curve

 Prove that there was a periodic pattern in

the property of elements.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
OF ELEMENTS
DMITRI MENDELEV (1834 – 1907)

 Elements were arranged in ascending order of

atomic mass.
 Elements with similar chemical properties
were in the same group.
 Empty space were allocated for elements yet
to be discovered.
 Successfully predicted the properties of
unknown elements based on the properties of
the elements above & below it in the table.
Mendeleev table :
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC
TABLE OF ELEMENTS
HENRY MOSELEY (1887 – 1915)

 Arranged elements in increasing order of

proton number

 Also left empty space in the table

 Contributed to the formation of the

modern periodic table of elements.
Moseley table :
Basic principle of arrangement of elements
in the periodic table:
• Elements were arranged in increasing order of proton number.

• Elements with similar chemical properties are placed in same vertical

column
Vertical

• New elements discovered (2016)

• 113/ 115/ 117/ 118
• Nihonium/ moscovium/ tennessine / oganesson
Arrangement of elements in the periodic table

• Arranged in increasing order of proton number (left to

right)

• Vertical = groups
• 18 vertical column
• Groups based on valence electrons in the outermost
shell
Group 1 - 18

•Fingers
Please memorize 20 first of elements:

• H He
• Li Be B C N O F Ne
• Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
• K Ca
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca
 GROUP 1, 18, 17, PERIOD 3

TAMBAH SAIZ

TAMBAH
SAIZ & TAMBAH
REAKTIF KEREAKTIFAN

TAMBAH
ELEKTRONEGATIF
• ATOM SIZE going down group

• ATOM SIZE across the periods

• ELECTRONEGATIVITY across periods

• GROUP 1 : REACTIVITY going down group

• GROUP 17 : REACTIVITY going down group

NOBLE GAS / INERT GAS GROUP 18
UNREACTIVE – fully valence • He – Hanif Melting /boiling
shells • Ne – Nak point :
Stable duplet / octet • Ar – Ambik Due to;
• Kr – Kuih Atomic size
Don’t :
• Xe – Xtra Attraction force
Donate
Accept • Rn – Royhan So:

• Og – Omg Need more heat

Share ELECTRON
energy to overcome
AF
As MONOATOMS
GROUP 18
• Helium – weather balloon / oxygen tanks
• Neon – advertising board lights
• Argon – electric bulbs
• Krypton – flashlight cameras/ eye laser treatment
• Xenon – lighthouse lamp /anesthesia
• Radon – treat cancer
• Oganesson – radioactive/ unstable (half life)/
isn’t a gas/ more to metalloid
 GROUP 18
proton electron
number arrangement
• Helium 2 2

• Neon 10 2. 8

• Argon 18 2. 8. 8

• Krypton 36 2.8.18.8
GROUP 1
Atomic radius :
• Li – Little Soft metal
• Na – Nasty Melting/ boiling point
• K – Kids Due to; Shiny surface
• Rb – Rub Atomic size
Low density
• Cs – Cat’s Attraction force
• Fr – Fur
So:
Need less heat energy to
overcome AF
 GROUP 1
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Litium
• Natrium/sodium DONATE 1 electron
• Kalium/potassium (valence shell : 1 electron)
• Rubidium
• Caesium M  M⁺ + e¯
• Francium
GROUP 1
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Litium
• Natrium REACTION WITH H2O/ O2 / Cl2
• Kalium
• Rubidium
• Caesium 1. REACTION WITH WATER
• Francium

Li + H2O  produce alkaline

solution & H2
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES GROUP 1
1. REACTION WITH WATER
 alkaline hydroxide + hydrogen gas

Li + H2O 
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES GROUP 1
2. REACTION WITH OXYGEN
 METAL OXIDE

Li + O2  Li2O

REACTS WITH WATER

TOO
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES GROUP 1
3. REACTION OF METAL OXIDE WITH H2O
 ALKALINE SOLUTION

Li + O2  Li2O

Li2O + H2O  2LiOH

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES GROUP 1
4. REACTION GROUP 1 WITH CHLORINE GAS
 METAL CHLORIDE

Na + Cl2  NaCl
 GROUP
17 Going down
 HALOGENS
• F – First MOLECULAR SIZE :
• Cl – Class  NON METAL
Attraction force
• Br – Briyani  DIATOMIC
(van der waals)
• I – In MOLECULES
• At – Australia Melting/ boiling point
• Ts– (xyah igt) So:
Need MORE heat energy to
overcome intermolecular
Force
 GROUP
17 Going down
• F – Fluorine (gas) - Pale yellow Color changes
• Cl – Chlorine (gas) – greenish yellow Becomes darker
• Br – Bromine (liquid) – reddish yellow
• I – Iodine (solid) – purplish black Physical state changes
• At – Astatine (solid) – black Gas  liquid  solid
• Ts– Tennesine (solid) – black
DENSITY = mass
 GROUP
17 Going down
• F – Fluorine (gas) - Pale yellow Color changes
• Cl – Chlorine (gas) – greenish yellow Becomes darker
• Br – Bromine (liquid) – reddish yellow
• I – Iodine (solid) – purplish black Physical state changes
• At – Astatine (solid) – black Gas  liquid  solid
• Ts– Tennesine (solid) – black
DENSITY = mass
 GROUP
17
• F – Fluorine (poisonous gas) very reactive / corrosive/
strong explosion (+H2)

• Cl – Chlorine (gas)
• Br – Bromine (liquid)
• I – Iodine (solid)

• At – Astatine rare radioactive/ unstable chemically

 GROUP 1, 17, PERIOD 3
TAMBAH SAIZ

TAMBAH
SAIZ & TAMBAH
REAKTIF KEREAKTIFAN

TAMBAH
ELEKTRONEGATIF
F
 Changes in reactivity going down group 17

•F • Reactivity
• Cl • Why?
• Br • Atomic size changes
• So? Valence shell  becomes further from nucleus
•I
• Then? Nuclear attraction force towards e¯  weaker
• At
• Thus ….. It is difficult to attract e¯ to fill valence shell!
• Ts
 REACTIVITY GROUP 1
• DEPENDS ON 
 HOW EASY METAL ATOM  DONATES/ RELEASE
THE ELECTRONS

 REACTIVITY GROUP 17
• DEPENDS ON 
 HOW EASY HALOGEN ATOM  ATTRACT/ GAIN THE
ELECTRONS
PERIOD 3

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
MEASURE …….THE TENDENCY ATOM TO
ATTRACT ELECTRON TOWARDS ITSELF

ATOM SIZE
POSITIVE CHARGE (NUCLEUS)
ATTRACTION FORCE (NUCLEUS + V.E)
PERIOD 3
PERIOD 3

PHYSICAL CHANGES: SOLID TO GAS

Na Mg Al Si P S = Solid
Cl = diatomic gas
Ar = monoatomic gas
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES GROUP
17
REACTION WITH H2O/ METAL / ALKALI

1. REACTION WITH WATER

 hydrochloric acid + hypochlorous acids

Cl2 + H2O  HCl + HOCl

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES GROUP
17
REACTION WITH H2O/ METAL / ALKALI

2. REACTION WITH METAL

 METAL HALIDE

2Fe (s) + 3Br2 2FeBr3

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES GROUP
17
REACTION WITH H2O/ METAL / ALKALI

3. REACTION WITH ALKALINE SOLUTION

 METAL HALIDE + METAL HALATE + WATER
I2 (s) + 3NaOH (aq)  NaI (aq) + NaOI(aq) + H2O (l)