Emulsion lab 4

 Emulsion ‫ شو هو ؟‬what is the most known emulsion ?? Milk

 Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable system consist of two or more

immisicle liquid phases dispersed in each other

 Remember in suspension we said we have tow dispersed phases one of them

solid and the other is liquid

 Here two dispersed liquids usually (oil and water)

 ‫هال انا كيف بكونو عندي مرتبين‬

 ‫ بكون عندي‬phase ‫ داخليه‬One of the phases is dispersed in the other as globules

(internal phase)

 The dispersion medium (external phase or continuous phase) it has larger

volume

 Many forms lotion, liniment, cream, ointments, vitamins drops

Type of emulsions

 Oil in water, water in oil, multiple emulsion (O/W/O),

microemulsion

 Emulsion has two phases one of them polar (aqu) and the other
nonpolar(oil)

 Oil in water (o/w) emulsion

 1) water is dispersion medium oil is dispersed phase
 2)creamy white
 Water in oil w/o emulsion (what is dispersed phase ?)

 1) water is dispersed phase (internal) water is dispersion medium is oil

 2) more greasy and translucent

 Medicinal oral emulsion are usually o/w

 Topical or external could be both o/w or w/o
Oil in water ‫شو مواصفاته‬

 water ‫ باالول شو الطبقه االساسيه هون؟‬as long as water is the external phase then:

 1) miscible with water

 2) water washable (easily removed with water)
 3)Non greasy
 4)nonocclusive
Water in oil ‫عكسه بكون‬

 Oil ‫باالول شو الطبقه االساسيه هون ؟‬

 1) imisicible with water

 2) not water washable (cannot be removed easily with
water)
 3) greasy
 4) will not absorb water
 5) occlusive (form a barrier that prevent evaporation of
water from skin like what ??? such Vaseline)
‫ انا عندي ايملشن ما بعرف نوعه‬Method to
determine the type of emulsion

 Miscibility test: ‫ذائبيه‬

 continouse phase ‫هون بطلع شو ال‬

 If my emulsion was miscible in water what is its type what is its base
?? o/w

 Water in oil in what miscible ??  in oil

 Conductivity test: ‫شو الي بوصل كهربا مي و ال زيت ؟‬
 Emulsion with water as continuous phase will conduct electricity ‫و العكس صحيح‬

 Cobalt chloride (staining test): it is powder with blue color

 filter paper soaked in cobalt chloride solution when exposed to to o/w emulsion
the color turn from blue to pink
 If the color stay as it is then it is w/o
 Dye test: if the dye is oil soluble the color of o/w emulsion (external phase
is water) will have is lighter than w/o because continuous phase is oil and the
dye is soluble in the oil

 Fluorescence test ‫ مشع‬: oil in water will have spotty fluorescence under
microscope after exposure to uv light
 Water in oil emulsion will have continuous fluorescence when exposed
 Because oil have fluorescence where as water don’t
Advantages, disadv page 37
Oral emulsion ‫شو بفيدني خصوصا لما يكون عندي‬
‫زيت الماده الفعاله‬
 Liquid administration of oil such as vitamin A, D, E reason of uses

 1) no oily mouth feel ‫ابدا مش مححب الواحد يشرب زيت‬

 2) Better taste such as fish oil

 3) solubilized drug (dispersed phase) more bioavailable

 We make them as o/w emulsion

Parenteral

 Emulsification of oil as o/w emulsion

 Emulsification of lipids for parenteral nutrition

Topical

 It can be either o/w or w/o

 o/w emulsion. drug is suspended in the oil phase

 less greasy than petroleum base and no occlusive effect

 w/o some occlusive effect but less greasy than petroleum bases
Rectal

 Enemas formulated as o/w emulsions

 Assigments pick one of these uses and write about it (it is a must)
 clinical uses of emulsions
 A) trade examples
 B) ingredients
 C) why these ingredients used
Instability of emulsion

 Creaming: separation into 2 phases one of them have more dispersed phase
however not full separation (dispersed phase ‫)بس جزء من ال‬

 Why this happen??

 1) lack of stability of the system
 2) product not homogenous

 **** can be reformed by shaking

Cracking

 The globules of the dispersed phase will coalesce, and separation of the
dispersed phase.
 ‫فصل تام للطبقتين‬
 Coalescence of an emulsion is the fusion of the droplets ‫الجزيئات تتحد‬.

 Why??? 1) incompatible emulsifying agent ‫نوعه مو مالئم مع مركب‬

 2) decomposition of the emulsifying agent ‫يتحلل‬
 3) change of storage temperature ‫التخزين اهم عامل للمحافظه على المستحلب‬

 **can’t be reformed after shaking

Phase inversion

 The emulsion will turn from o/w to w/o and vis versa

 for stability of an emulsion, the optimum range of concentration of dispersed

phase is 30–60% of the total volume

 Amount of the dispersed phase greater than 74% ‫بتكون كميتها عاليه‬

 ***can’t be reformed after shaking

Emulsifying agent

 It is the most important part in the emulsion ‫لوالها ما بتكون‬

 We have to immiscible phases (oil and water) I want to make them miscible so
I need a third component to help this happen

 If I shake oil and water they will ‫ يمتزج‬but not for a long time
Natural emulsifying agent
 Derived from plant or animal tissue

 They reduce the potential for coalescence, by:

1. Providing a protective sheath around the droplet
2. Imparting a charge to repel each other ‫بحيث انو ما يرتبطوا‬
3. Swelling to increase the viscosity of the contiu phase

 So they act either on the dispersed particles or on continuous phase

1. Divided to:

2. Polysaccharides: for O/W, make a barrier (thick film), like

acacia
3. Sterol-Containing substances: for W/O , like wool fat
Semi-synthetic

 For formulating O/W emulsions

 They are: advantages
1. Non-Toxic
2. Less subject to microbial growth

 How they act ?? By Increases the viscosity of the system

 e.g. methyl cellulose
Synthetic emulsifier

• They are agents that either have charge on there hydrophilic head or
dosen’t have
• So there action depends on the charge

• Anionic: what does it mean ‫سالب‬

1. Alkali Metals (O/W)
2. Soaps of divalent and trivalent metals (W/O) ٢ ‫ يعني بتتفاعل مع‬٢+‫بتكون الشحنه‬
‫هيدروجين‬
3. Amine soaps (O/W)
4. Alkyl sulphates (O/W)
• Cationic:
1. In O/W emulsions
2. For external use
3. Must be ionized to be effective
4. Stable at acidic pH

• Non-ionic
1. The largest group of surfactants
2. For O/W & W/O
3. For internal and external use
• Ampholytic ‫متعادل الشحنه علي شحنتين سالب و موجب‬
 The ionic charge depends on Ph of the system
1. Below certain pH, cationic effect
2. Above certain pH, anionic effect
3. Intermediate pH, zwitterions, e.g. lecithin
Finely divided solids

 Finely divided solids having balanced hydrophilic lipophilic properties, e.g. bentonite
Dry gum method

 Continental method or European method

 )4:2:1( ‫او ممكن اسميها حسب نسب المواد لبعض‬

 Here the type of the emulsifier used is acacia (natural emulsifier)

1. Making the primary emulsion by adding 4 parts oil to 1 part acacia, mix until
wetting the powder

2. Add 2 parts water all at once, mix for 3-4min until crackling or snapping sound

3. Solid material such as active ing, preservatives, coloring agents are dissolved
and added as a WATER solution to the primary emulsion,

4. OILY MATERIAL ADD DIRECTLY

 add materials that reduce stability at the end like alcohol

Wet gum method ‫من اسمها انا ببلل ماده بالماء‬

 English Method (4:2:1)

1. Making the primary emulsion by adding 2 parts water to 1 part gum,
mix well
2. Add 4 parts oil gradually with continuous mixing
3. Add w-soluble materials by dissolving then adding, add O-soluble
materials, add materials that affect stability at the end like alcohol

• It’s a more difficult method but gives more stable formulas

• Used when the emulsifying agent is a solution like methylcellulose

Bottle method
 Called Forbes method

 Used to prepare emulsions of volatile oils and oils with very low viscosities

 Why I use bottle for volatile oil ? Because if I use open equipment the oil will
‫تتطاير‬
1. Powdered acacia or any gum placed in dry bottle with the exact parts of oil
2. Bottle is capped and shacked thoughtfully
3. Add the required Volume of Water all at once

• Its imp. To minimize the amount of time of mixing between the oil and
gum, or else will become water proof  ‫تبطل تمتزج بالمي‬
Beaker method

 Used in case non-gum emulsifier is used

1. Divide the components into W-soluble and O- soluble
components
2. Place each type in a separate beaker
3. Heat each beaker in a 70C temperature over a water bath
4. Add the internal phase to the external gradually until reaching the
room temperature
 If I want to prepare o/w I add the oil to the water ‫و العكس صحيح‬
Auxiliary method

• An electric mixer or blender can be used with or instead the

original methods ( the one I used with is mortar, bottle, beaker

• Emulsions prepared by other methods can be improved by passing

it through a hand homogenizer to decrease the droplet size to 5
microns or less
• Here the emulsifier is always used in quantity equal to ¼ the oil, but there is
exceptions depending on the oil and emulsifier used

• ‫مثال‬
• Tragacanth is 10 times as effective as acacia I have to make adjustment for the
quantity
• Volatile and mineral oils require more emulsifier than most fixed oils

• ‫مشان هيك الزم اعدل على الكميات‬

• Check table 1-2 from manual