Mce Igcse Biology PPT c17

PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSE™
Biology Student's Book
CHAPTER 17
REPRODUCTION
IN HUMANS
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd The following content has not been through the Cambridge Assessment International Education endorsement 1
17.1 The Male and Female

Reproductive Systems
In this section, you will learn the following:
• Identify on diagrams and state the functions of
the parts of the male reproductive system:
testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland,
urethra and penis.
• Explain the adaptive features of sperm, limited
to flagellum, mitochondria and enzymes in the
acrosome.
• Identify and state the functions of the parts of
the female reproductive system.
• Explain the adaptive features of egg cells.
• Compare male and female gametes.
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 2

The male reproductive system
Side view of the male reproductive system
Front view of the male reproductive system

Sperm
A sperm
Movement of sperm from a testis:

The female reproductive system
Front view of the female reproductive system

Side view of the female reproductive system

Ovum
An egg

What are the differences between male and female gametes?

Differences between male and female gametes
Feature Male gamete Female gamete

Structure • Has a head, a middle piece and a tail • Spherical in shape
• Nucleus contains either X and Y chromosome • Nucleus has one X chromosome
• About 60 μm long, with a head that has a • Diameter of 120–150 μm
diameter of 2.5 μm
Motility • Motile • Non-motile

• Has a tail that enables it to swim towards the • Passive movement of egg along the oviduct is
oviduct due to the action of cilia along the oviduct and
peristalsis of the oviduct wall.
Number • Numerous sperm are produced throughout life • Number of eggs is determined at birth.
from puberty onwards. • Only one egg is released per month. Both
• A large number of sperm is released per ovaries together produce about 500 mature
ejaculation. eggs.

Let’s Practise 17.1

2 The figure shows a side view of some structures in the lower abdomen of a woman.
2 (a) Name the parts labelled A–H.
2 (b) Using the letters A–H, state the part where
2 (d) (i) sperm are deposited during sexual intercourse;
2 (d) (ii) fertilisation occurs;
2 (d) (iii) the fetus develops;
2 (d) (iv) eggs are produced;
2 (d) (v) female sex hormones are produced.

17.2 Puberty
• Describe the roles of testosterone and oestrogen
in the development and regulation of secondary
sexual characteristics that occur during puberty.
• Describe the menstrual cycle.
• Describe where oestrogen and progesterone
are produced in the menstrual cycle and in
pregnancy.
• Explain the role of the follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH),
progesterone and oestrogen in controlling the
menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

What is puberty?
• Puberty is the stage of human growth and development in which a person is physically mature.
Secondary sexual characteristics

Males Females
Facial hair starts to grow. Hair appears in the pubic Hair appears in the pubic region and under armpits.
region and under armpits.
The penis and testicles increase in size. The breasts and uterus enlarge.
Larynx enlarges and voice deepens. Hips broaden.
Production of sperm starts. Menstruation and ovulation start.

The menstrual cycle

• A sign of puberty for a female is usually the monthly discharge of blood or menses from the uterus via the vagina.
This is called menstruation.
• Menstrual cycle is the cycle of events that takes place in the female reproductive organs every month. The
average menstrual cycle is 28 days, but this can vary.
• As a female ages, the ovaries will eventually stop releasing eggs and the menstrual cycle will stop. This is called
menopause. Menopause usually takes place between 45 and 55 years of age.

What are the changes in a follicle during the menstrual cycle?
Section of a human ovary showing changes in one follicle during a menstrual cycle

What are the stages in the menstrual cycle?
Summary of changes during a menstrual cycle of 28 days,

assuming ovulation occurs on day 14
What are the changes of the hormones and uterine

lining during the menstrual cycle?
The human menstrual cycle

What happens if no fertilisation occurs?

• The egg breaks down.
• The corpus luteum breaks down and blood progesterone level decreases.
• On the 28th day, without progesterone, the uterine lining begins to break down. Menstruation begins again.
• The whole cycle repeats.
What happens if fertilisation occurs?

• The fertilised egg becomes a zygote. The zygote develops into an embryo.
• The embryo embeds itself in the uterine lining.
• The embryo secretes a hormone that prevents the corpus luteum from breaking down until a structure called the
placenta is formed.
• The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and oestrogen until the placenta is able to take over hormone production.

Let’s Practise 17.2

1 Study the Figure 17.10 on Student’s Book p. 300.
1 (a) What are the effects of oestrogen and progesterone on the uterine lining?
1 (b) When is the fertile period?
1 (c) What happens to the uterine lining during the first five days?

17.3 Fertilisation and Development

• Describe fertilisation as the fusion of the nuclei from
a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg
cell).
• State that in early development, the zygote forms an
embryo which is a ball of cells that implants into the
lining of the uterus.
• Identify and state the functions of the umbilical cord,
placenta, amniotic sac and amniotic fluid in the
development of the fetus.
• Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical
cord.
• State that some pathogens and toxins can pass
across the placenta and affect the fetus.

Mating or sexual intercourse

• When a male’s penis is placed inside the vagina of a female, this is known as mating, copulation or sexual intercourse.
Fertilisation
Fertilisation

How does the embryo develop after fertilisation?

Implantation Development of placenta and amniotic sac
Early stages of embryo development Placenta and amniotic sac development in the uterus

What are the functions of the placenta, umbilical cord and amniotic fluid?
Placenta Umbilical cord Amniotic fluid

• Allows oxygen, dissolved • Supports the fetus before
food substances and birth.
protective antibodies to • Protects the fetus against
diffuse from the mother’s physical injury.
blood to the fetus’ blood. • Allows the fetus a certain
• Allows waste or excretory degree of movement.
products to diffuse from the • Lubricates and reduces
fetus’ blood to the mother’s friction in the vagina during
blood. birth.
• Produces oestrogen and
progesterone.
Part of the placenta showing the umbilical artery

and vein (Only one umbilical artery is shown.)

The fetal blood system is separated from the maternal blood system
Section showing fetus in the uterus

17.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections

• Describe a sexually transmitted infection (STI) as an
infection that is transmitted through sexual contact.
• State that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a
pathogen that causes an STI.
• State that HIV infection may lead to AIDS.
• Describe the methods of transmission of HIV.
• Explain how the spread of STIs is controlled

What is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus (pathogen) that causes the most widely know sexually transmitted
infection (STI), Acquired Immune Deficiency Symdrome (AIDS).
Signs and symptoms of AIDS

• chronic or persistent fever;
• severe diarrhoea lasting for months;
• pneumonia;
• cancer of the blood vessels;
• brain infection;
• widespread tuberculosis.
“Knobs” on the surface of HIV allows the virus to attach to cells.

What is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

Modes of transmission • Keep to one sex partner or abstain from having sex.
• Sexual intercourse with an infected person • Males should wear a condom if they are not sure
• Sharing hypodermic needles with an infected person whether their partner(s) or themselves are infected
• Blood transfusion with blood from an infected person with HIV.
• Do not share instruments that are likely to break the
• During pregnancy, the virus may pass from the
infected mother to the fetus. skin and be contaminated with blood.
• Go to reliable operators if you require acupuncture
treatment, ear-piercing or tattooing.
Prevention and control

Let’s Practise 17.3 and 17.4
1 State the functions of the

1 (a) umbilical cord;
1 (b) placenta;
1 (c) amniotic sac;
1 (d) amniotic fluid.
2 Name the pathogen that causes AIDS.
3 State one sign and one symptom for AIDS.
4 State two ways by which HIV can be transmitted.

What have you learnt?

What have you learnt?
Can you draw your own mind map?

Acknowledgements
• Slide 1: mom and child with kangaroo – ID 71348366 © Rafael Ben Ari | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 23: HIV – ID 1854535 © Sebastian Kaulitzki | Dreamstime.com

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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSE™

Biology Student's Book

17.1 The Male and Female

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 2

The male reproductive system

Side view of the male reproductive system

Front view of the male reproductive system

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 3

Movement of sperm from a testis:

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 4

The female reproductive system

Front view of the female reproductive system

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 5

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 6

What are the differences between male and female gametes?

Feature Male gamete Female gamete

Motility • Motile • Non-motile

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 7

Let’s Practise 17.1

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 8

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 9

Secondary sexual characteristics

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 10

The menstrual cycle

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 11

What are the changes in a follicle during the menstrual cycle?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 12

What are the stages in the menstrual cycle?

Summary of changes during a menstrual cycle of 28 days,

What are the changes of the hormones and uterine

The human menstrual cycle

What happens if no fertilisation occurs?

What happens if fertilisation occurs?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 15

Let’s Practise 17.2

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 16

17.3 Fertilisation and Development

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 17

Mating or sexual intercourse

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 18

How does the embryo develop after fertilisation?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 19

Placenta Umbilical cord Amniotic fluid

Part of the placenta showing the umbilical artery

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 20

Section showing fetus in the uterus

17.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 22

What is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

Signs and symptoms of AIDS

“Knobs” on the surface of HIV allows the virus to attach to cells.

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 23

What is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

Prevention and control

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 24

Let’s Practise 17.3 and 17.4

1 State the functions of the

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 25

What have you learnt?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 26

What have you learnt?

Can you draw your own mind map?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 27