THEORIES OF

COUNSELLING
PRESENTED BY:
ESTHER MARYA
DANIEL NGUGI
VICTOR
“ Success as a therapist is not found in
doing something for the client rather in
being someone for the client
ILI RIVERA WALTER ”
Familytherapybasics.com
GESTALT THEORY
“ Live now. Concern yourself with the
present before the past or the future.

GESTALT ”
Accept being as you are.
GESTALT THEORY

 Established by frit and Laura.

 Developed as revision of psychoanalysis and focuses on
an experimental and humanistic approach rather than
analysis of unconscious whch was one of the main
therapeutic tools at the time.
 CONCEPTS

 Wholeness and integration:

An individuals mind and body.
Integration is how these parts fits together.
 Awareness
being concerned about knowledge about perception of a situation or fact
 Energy and blocks to energy
Focuses on body energy and how it may be used and the blockages it may bring
 Growth disorders
Emotional problems by people who lack awareness and do not interact with environment.
 Unfinished business
People who do not finish things in life.
APPLICATION OF THE THEORY

 Helpspeople focus on the present by discovering what

immediate thoughts or behavior makes them feel anxious.
 It helps clients with issues such as anxiety, depression,
self esteem, relationship problems and physical problems
like migraines.
WAYS TO ACHIEVE:

CONTACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT

Through looking, touching, smelling and tasting.
HERE AND NOW
Individual being conscious about the present moment and not focusing
on the past.
RESPONSIBILITY
Individuals taking responsibility of their actions and following what
should be done.
EXISTENTIAL
THERAPY
“ One doesn’t do existential therapy as a
freestanding separate theory; rather it
informs your approach to such issues as
death, which many therapists tend to
shy away ”
JADVIN D YALOM

The purpose of psychotherapy is to set people free.

EXISTENTIAL THEORY

A unique theory that focuses on more on human condition as a whole.

It highlights our capacity and encourages us to take responsibility of
our success.
Emotions and psychological difficulties differs with different
individuals.
It was started in the 1800s by Soren Kierkegaard and Fredrick
Nietzsche.
GOALS

 Help one make choices that leave them less anxious.

 Helps one focus on personal responsibilities.
 Integrates humanistic approach and techniques.(how you
see things)
HOW IT WORKS

 Therapists believe the past can be instructive so they mainly focus on the future.
 Therapists urge patients to use creativity, love and other life enhancing
experiences to help them make decisions and determine their future behavior.
 Therapists hope to help the patients learn to think and act without concern of
anxiety or fear which can mess their lives.
 Therapists help people find meaning despite the fear of the four givens/realms;
physical, social, personal, making
TECNIQUES USED

 Talking
 Listening
 Answering questions
 Engaging with therapists often
COGNITIVE
BEHAVIOURAL
THERAPY
“ We cant solve problems by using the
same kind of thinking we used when we
created them.
ALBERT EINSTEIN ”
We can only change ourselves when we change the way we think.
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY

 Is a form talking therapy which can be used to treat people with

wide range of medical problem.
 It is based on the idea that how we think (cognition)how we feel
(emotion) and how we act (behave) as we interact together our
thoughts determine our feelings and behavior.
BASIC PHILOSOPHY

 Behavior is the product of learning, we are both the

product and the producer of the environment.
 Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement and
irritation.
 Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty learning.
GOALS AND TECHNIQUE OF THERAPY

To eliminate met adaptive behavior and learn more effective

behaviors.
The main techniques are systematic desensitization, relaxing
method and desensitization processing.
APPLICATION

 A programmatic approach based on empirical validation of result.

 Enjoys wide applicability to individual, group, marital and family
counselling.
 Some problems to which the approach is well suited are phobic
disorders, depression, sexual disorders.
CONTRIBUTIONS

 Emphasis is on assessment and evaluation techniques thus

providing a basis for accountable practices.
 Specificproblems are identified and clients are kept
informed and clients are kept informed about progresses
towards there goal.
LIMITATIONS

 Major critic is that it may change behavior but not

feelings hat is ignores the relationship factors in
the therapy.
PSYCHOANALYTIC
THERAPY
“ Out of your vulnerabilities will come
your strength

SIGMUND FRAUDS ”
From error to error one discovers the entire truth.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY

Psychoanalytic therapy is a form of talk therapy based on

Sigmund Freud’s theories of psychoanalysis. The approach
explores how the unconscious mind influences thoughts,
feelings and behaviours. Freud described the unconscious
mind as the reservoir of desire, thoughts and memories that
are below the surface of conscious awareness (psychological
distress and disturbances).
TECHNIQUES

1.)Dream interpretation- to get insight into the working of

your unconscious mind.
2.) Freely association- freely share your thoughts.

3.) Transference- protect your feelings towards another

person will help in interaction with others.
CONDITIONS TREATED

 Anxiety,depression, emotional struggles, identity

problems, self-esteem issues, self-assertion,
psychoanalytic disorders, relationship issues, self-
destructive behaviour, sexual problems.
BENEFITS

 1.) Focuses on emotions.

 2.) Explores avoidance.

 3.) Exploration of past experiences.

 4.) Explores interpersonal relationship.

 5.) Emphasizes therapeutic relationship.

EFFECTIVENESS

 1.) Treat a wide range of conditions.

 2.) Symptom reduction.

 3.) Lasting improvements.

ALDERIAN THERAPY

It is an approach in which a therapist works with a

client to identify obstacles and create effective
strategies for working towards their goals, feelings
of inferiority and working towards the social
interest.
KEY TAKEAWAYS

 1.)Individual’s ability to bring about positive change in

his/her own life.
 2.) It consists of four stages which are: engagement,
assessment, insight, and reorientation.
 3.) Individual’s work to overcome feelings of inferiority
and to act in ways that benefit the social interest.
FOUR STAGES

 1.) Engagement- Establish the therapeutic relationship and addressing the client’s
problems, offer support and encouragement.
 2.) Assessment- Learn about the client’s background (early memories and family
dynamics).How the client styles of thinking which are not helpful or adaptive.

 3.) Insight- Interpretation of the client’s situations. How the past experiences
contributed to the issues the client has.
 4.) Reorientation- Develop new strategies to deal with feelings of inferiority.
FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY

 It’s helpful to psychologically healthy individuals since they are

encouraged to pursue their goals.
 Others feel discouraged and may cope by behaving selfishly in
order to feel superior to others.
 Adlerian therapy works to offer support and encouragement they
need in order to cope more with feelings of inferiority.
SOCIAL INTEREST

 Does things that are beneficial to the society.

 Others engage in lowering of social interest by bullying
other or act in antisocial ways.
 The aim of the Adlerian therapy is to help individuals in
engaging in beneficial activities.