FORCE

FORCE
BUOYANCY
LEVER
PRESSURE
FORCE
Is a push or a pull upon an object

Buoyant force Magnetic force

TYPE OF FORCES
Gravitational force Elastic force
Drag force

Frictional force Weight & Normal

Characteristics of forces
Force is vector quantity that has magnitude and direction
Point of application is the area where
the applied force is concentrated
The magnitude of
force applied is 10 N
F = 10 N and the box moves to
the left direction
Spring balance
HOW TO
MEASURE
FORCE
 We measure force using spring
balance
 Spring balance operates based
on the extension of spring
 The magnitude of force is
obtained by reading the scale
on the balance in Newton (N).
 On Earth, an object has a
weight of 1N. Therefore, an
object with a mass of 1kg has a
weight of 10 N.
1 kg = 10 N
Newton’s Third law
“For every action, there is a reaction force of the same magnitude but in the opposite direction”

Situation 1 Situation 2 Situation 3

Normal force Buoyant force
(reaction force) (reaction force)

Weight
(action force)
Weight
(action force)

The book remains still on the
table because the magnitude of
weight (action force) is the same
as the normal force (reaction
force).
The duck floats on water
because the magnitude of
weight (action force) is the same
as the buoyant force (reaction
force).
The two trolleys move at the
same distance but opposite
direction.
EFFECTS OF FORCE
1 When a stationary object is
pushed, the object moves
Moving
stationary object

When force is applied in the

2
Stopping a
opposite direction, the object
will stop moving

moving object

Force from the side changes

3
Changing the
the direction of motion of an
object

direction of motion
of an object
 Force from the opposite
direction slows down an
object

4
Changing the
speed of the Force from the same
object direction speeds up an
object

5
Changing the
Force can change the
shape and size of an
object
shape and size of
an object
 An object will float if the buoyant force acting on it is
enough to support its weight, that is buoyant force equals
to the weight of the object.

Buoyant force= Weight

FB = W

For example the rubber duck has a weight (action force) of

10 N. The buoyant force (reaction force) acts the same
magnitude 10 N but in the opposite direction

Buoyant Conversely, an object will submerge if the buoyant force

force acting on it is not enough to support its weight, that is
buoyant force is less than the weight of the object

FB < W
Weight
How to measure buoyant force
Buoyant force = actual weight – apparent weight

So that,
FB = 20 – 10
= 10 N
If we weight the water displaced, the
Fb weight must be equal to 10 N.
The buoyant force, FB is equal to
weight of water displaced, Wd

Apparent FB = Wd
Weight
Weight
 Density and Buoyant force
FB > W
When an object that is less dense than a
liquid is pushed into the liquid, the
buoyant force (upthrust force, FB ) is more
than weight (W). It pushes the object up
to the surface of the liquid. The object will
float
FB < W
Conversely, when an object that is more
dense than the liquid, the buoyant force
(upthrust force, FB ) is less than weight
(W). It causes the object to submerge to
the bottom of the liquid.
Plimsoll line

Cargo ships are marked with Plimsoll lines for safety purposes. Due to
the differences in temperature and concentration of salt, the density
of sea water is different in different parts of the world. Plimsoll lines
will help to determine the safe level for a ship to stay afloat.
Lever
Definition:
Lever is a bar that rotates on a fixed point.

Effort : Force applied on the bar

Load : Object to be moved
Fulcrum : Fixed support point

Purpose of a lever
1) Allows us to do work easily
2) Allows us to minimal force to do work
Classification of Lever

Fulcrum is between load and effort Load is between fulcrum and effort Effort is between load and fulcrum
Moment of Force Definition:
Turning effect when an object rotate at a fixed point.

 Moment of forces depends on the force, F applied and the perpendicular distance
of the fulcrum to the force, D.

Moment of force= Force x Distance

Unit: Newton metre (N m)
Has two direction ; clockwise and anticlockwise direction

 Example of Moment of force in daily life

 How to calculate moment of force

a) Tighten a nut using a spanner b) Open the lid of a can using a spoon
 Moment of forces will increase if the
 Magnitude of force increases, by applying a greater force
 Perpendicular distance from the pivot to effort increases

(a) (b)

a) Calculate the moment of force for situation (a) and (b)

b) What conclusion can you make?
 Principle of moments of lever

Effort (N) Load (N)

 The weight of the load produces a clockwise moment.

 The applied effort produces an anticlockwise moment.
 To balance the lever horizontally, the product of the magnitude of effort and the
perpendicular distance from the pivot (fulcrum) is the same as the product of
magnitude of load and perpendicular distance from the pivot.

Effort (N) X Distance of Effort from fulcrum (m) = Load (N) X Distance of Load from fulcrum (m)
Exercise
1) What is lever?

2) The diagram below shows a person trying to move a stone using an iron rod. Suggest a method that can be used to
make his work easier?

3) Name four tools that are in the same class of levers as a wheelbarrow.
Exercise

4) What is the moment of a force?

5) A rod is pivoted freely at point P. A load of 20 N is hung at 20 cm from P. If the rod is balanced horizontally, what is the
reading on the spring balance?
 Pressure Is defined as force per unit area

P= SI unit : Pascal (Pa) or Nm-2

Siti has a weight 50 kg and walking on sandy beach. Which shoe is suitable for her to wear that enables her
to walk on the sand easily?

High-heeled shoe Flat shoe

The base of a flat shoe is large. As a result, the pressure that acts on the sand is less
The base of a high-healed shoe is small. As a result, the pressure that acts on the sand is greater
 Application of Pressure in daily life

Studs on the sole of football

The metal blades of skating boots give the player a Tractors have big and wide
boots are thin to allow the better grip of the ground as wheels to prevent the
skater to glide smoothly he dribbles the ball. tractor from sinking into the
across the surface of the ice. ground

The blade of an axe is thin to

enable the axe to cut
through material
Exercise
 𝐹
Given: 2 identical books Find: Pressure Use: 𝑃=
𝑀 𝑏=0.8 kg ¿ 𝐴
¿
𝑀 𝑡 =7 kg
𝐴 𝐿 =5 c 𝑚 2
¿
¿
10 cm
15 c m

8
W=8N 𝑃=
0.015
5 cm

533.33 Pa
 𝐹
Given: 2 identical books Find: Pressure Use: 𝑃=
𝑀 𝑏=0.8 kg ¿ 𝐴
¿
𝑀 𝑡 =7 kg
𝐴 𝐿 =5 c 𝑚 2
)
¿
¿
10 cm
15 c m

16
𝑃=
5 cm
0.015

W = 16 N 1066.67 Pa
 𝐹
Given: 2 identical books Find: Pressure Use: 𝑃=
𝑀 𝑏=0.8 kg ¿ 𝐴
¿
𝑀 𝑡 =7 kg
𝐴 𝐿 =5 c 𝑚 2
¿
¿

W = 86 N

86
𝑃=
0. 002

2
5𝑐𝑚
Gas Pressure Kinetic theory of gases
1) The molecules in a gas move freely in
random motion & posses kinetic
energy.
2) The forces of attraction between the
molecules are negligible.
3) The collisions of the molecules with
each other & the walls of the
container are elastic collisions

 Gas particles in a container

always colliding with the wall of
the container.
 The frequency of collision will
produce force that pushes
against the walls. This force is
called air pressure.
 Gas pressure in a closed
container increases when the
particles move faster and collide
more frequently with the walls of
Card stick to the glass the container.
Factors that affect air pressure
 Volume
When a closed container is compressed,
the volume in the container is reduced.
This causes the air particles to collide
more frequently with the walls of the
container and air pressure in the
container increases
 Temperature
When the air temperature in a closed
container increases, the air particles
move faster. This causes the air particles
to collide with the walls of the container
more frequently and with a greater
force.
Application of the concept of air pressure
Plunger
1. When the plunger is pressed against the sink,
the air inside it will be forced out and creates
an area of low pressure.
2. The high pressure in the pipe pushes out the
blockage stuck inside the sink when the
plunger is pulled up.
Magdeburg Hemisphere
1. When the air in the hemisphere is 1. When the air in the straw is
pumped out, so that the space in
the hemisphere becomes a
vacuum, the pressure in the
hemisphere is zero.
2. The two hemisphere cannot be
separated because the atmospheric
pressure outside will exert a very
strong force on the hemispheres.
Straw
sucked, the pressure inside
the straw is reduced.
2. The higher air pressure
outside (atmospheric
pressure) will push the drink
into the straw and finally into
the mouth
Syphon Vacuum cleaner
Syringe
1. The end of tube B is placed lower 1. When the switch is turned on, the
1. When the piston is pulled up, the
than the end of tube A, causing fan in the vacuum Cleaner will push
volume of air in the cylinder
water to flow from it. the air out of the vacuum cleaner.
increases. This causes a low air
2. Water in the tube flows out and This causes the air pressure in the
pressure in the cylinder.
creates an area of low pressure in vacuum cleaner to drop.
2. The higher atmospheric pressure
the tube. 2. The higher atmospheric pressure
will push the liquid into the syringe.
3. Atmospheric pressure pushes the outside will push the air and dust
water into the tube, so the water into the vacuum.
flows out continuously.
Relationship between altitude and atmospheric pressure
Pressure in liquid
 When a diver is diving in the sea, his body will feel
uncomfortable. This is due to pressure exerted by
the liquid.
 Pressure in liquid is owing to the weight of the
liquid acting on the surface of any objects in the
liquid.
 The diver will experienced greater pressure if she
dives deeper into the sea because the greater the
depth, the greater the pressure.
A
The water at C spurts out at the greatest distance
because the pressure at the bottom is the
highest. The weight of the water at C is the
greatest. Followed by at point B and A
PC > PB > PA
We can conclude that, the water pressure greater
with depth
Effects of depth on liquid pressure in daily life
Dam

In deep sea, the pressure of

the water is tremendously
high. Hence, the body of the
submarine is thick and built
by strong material.
 Water tower

When measuring blood

pressure, the inflatable cuff
of the sphygmomanometer
should be at the same level
with the heart so that the
pressure measured is equal
to the blood pressure of the
heart

The water tower is built at high place so

that the water has sufficient pressure to
flow to consumer’s house